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Q. Explain Inductorless Filters
Inductorless (Active) Filters
Filters (used to pass or eliminate certain frequency components of a signal) that are suitable for IC fabrication, but which do not contain inductors, are known as active filters. They have the op amp as a common component. Figure 5.4.13 shows the basic op-amp circuit with frequency-dependent impedances. The voltage gain or voltage transfer function of this circuit is given by
with Zi = Ri and Zf = Rf (1/j ωCf ) (i.e., Rf and Cf in parallel). We have a low-pass filter with
is sketched in Figure 5.4.14, from which one can see that at the half-power or 3-dB point of fl, the dc value Rf /Ri goes down by a factor of 1/ √ 2 or 0.707. With Zf = Rf and Zi = Ri + 1/j ωCi (i.e., Ri and Ci in series), we have a high-pass filter for which we obtain
Equal volumes of all gases contain the samenumber of molecules when the volumes are measured at the same p and T. Therefore for a given volume at the same p and T, with the same
Q. The quantum levels of a quantizer are separated by the step size δv = 0.2 V, with the lowest and highest levels of-3.3 V and +3.3 V, respectively. A sequence ofmessage sample
Q. An FM station's modulator has a sensitivity k FM = 5π × 10 4 rad/s·V. A receiver uses a discriminator that has a gain constant of 10 -5 /π V·s/rad. Neglecting noise, determin
PLS WRITE THE INTRODUCTION, METHODOLOGY AND LITERATURE REVIEW
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