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Explain FDM and show how CCITT standards help in building the base band?
Frequency Division Multiplexing: This is the process of combining some information channels through shifting their signals to various frequency groups in the spectrum therefore they can be transmitted simultaneously over common transmission service.
The bandwidth of a telephone speech signal is quite less than 4 kHz. Where, the available bandwidth on unloaded cables pair is fine above 100 kHz. Therefore this is possible, by using modulation techniques, for divide up the cable bandwidth then a number of telephone speech paths can be carried at the same time along a single cable pair. The normal arrangement contains 24 telephone channels per cable pair, the modulation in 24 channels being carried out within the two stages. In the primary stage, 12 channels are multiplexed together to form that is commonly termed as a basic group. This basic group arrangement is demonstrated in figure. Each of the 12 telephone signals are single side-band amplitude modulated on to carriers spaced at 4 kHz intervals 64 kHz to 108 kHz. The lower side-band (LSB) is utilized in every case. The 12 base-band signals are thus translated in the frequency band from 60 kHz 108 kHz as demonstrated. The block diagram for the channel translating equipment is specified in figure. To form a 24-channel system, to basic groups are occupied together. One basic group (B) is transmitted directly as this stands. Another basic group (A) is amplitude modulated on to a carrier are 120 kHz and the lower side-band is occupied such as to take the frequency range from 12 kHz to 60 kHz as demonstrated in figure. by using two stages of modulation for basic group A, this is possible to decrease the physical size of the component needed for the LSB filters of the figure, because the lowest cut- off frequency needed is at 64 kHz quite than 12 kHz when the whole block of 24 channels were assembled together in one stage of modulation.
FIG - Basic Group Arrangement
FIG - Channel Translating Equipment
Explain adaptive routing. Adaptive routing defines the ability of a system, by which routes are characterised through their destination, to change the path that the route takes
In .NET Compact Framework, can I free memory explicitly without waiting for garbage collector to free the memory? Yes you can clear the memory using gc.collect method but it i
Illustrate about 8259 8259A adds 8 vectored priority encoded interrupts to the microprocessor. We can expand it to 64 interrupt requests by using one master 8259A and 8 slave
LCDs are the screens of choice for lightweight screens andportable computers. They consume very little electricity and have advanced technically to quite good resolutions and colou
Define the types Programmable logic devices? There are mostly three types PLDs. These are vary in the placement of fuses in the AND- OR array. 1. ROM- It has fixed AND array
Redefines clause is used to permit the similar storage allocation to be referenced by dissimilar data names.
What is a structure? A structure is a collection of variables under a single name. These variables can be of different types, and each has a name which is used to select it fro
Http Hyper Text Transfer Protocol: The WWW protocol that performs the request and regain functions of a server. Generally seen as the first part of a website address. It is t
Define the Don't Care States - Simplifying K Maps? The Truth table specifications for a logic function may not to include all possible combinations of the input binary digits for
I think yes...so if 8259 gives interrupt then it will be serviced instantly but since into pin is left hanging the insr bit will never be set...and so whenever any interrupt occurs
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