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Explain FDM and show how CCITT standards help in building the base band?
Frequency Division Multiplexing: This is the process of combining some information channels through shifting their signals to various frequency groups in the spectrum therefore they can be transmitted simultaneously over common transmission service.
The bandwidth of a telephone speech signal is quite less than 4 kHz. Where, the available bandwidth on unloaded cables pair is fine above 100 kHz. Therefore this is possible, by using modulation techniques, for divide up the cable bandwidth then a number of telephone speech paths can be carried at the same time along a single cable pair. The normal arrangement contains 24 telephone channels per cable pair, the modulation in 24 channels being carried out within the two stages. In the primary stage, 12 channels are multiplexed together to form that is commonly termed as a basic group. This basic group arrangement is demonstrated in figure. Each of the 12 telephone signals are single side-band amplitude modulated on to carriers spaced at 4 kHz intervals 64 kHz to 108 kHz. The lower side-band (LSB) is utilized in every case. The 12 base-band signals are thus translated in the frequency band from 60 kHz 108 kHz as demonstrated. The block diagram for the channel translating equipment is specified in figure. To form a 24-channel system, to basic groups are occupied together. One basic group (B) is transmitted directly as this stands. Another basic group (A) is amplitude modulated on to a carrier are 120 kHz and the lower side-band is occupied such as to take the frequency range from 12 kHz to 60 kHz as demonstrated in figure. by using two stages of modulation for basic group A, this is possible to decrease the physical size of the component needed for the LSB filters of the figure, because the lowest cut- off frequency needed is at 64 kHz quite than 12 kHz when the whole block of 24 channels were assembled together in one stage of modulation.
FIG - Basic Group Arrangement
FIG - Channel Translating Equipment
Rule in a single direction - equivalences rules: Hence there the power to replace sub expressions always allows use to prove theorems with equivalences: as given in the above
These days, they're pretty much obsolete; they're definitely system-particular. They had to do with 16-bit programming under MS-DOS and perhaps some early on versions of Windows. I
B2C -Business to Consumer This is where the consumer admittance the system of the supplier. It is still a two-way function but is usually complete solely by the Internet.
What is write-through protocol? For a write operation using write-through protocol during write-hit: The cache location and the major memory location are updated concurrently.
Explain Flash devices It is possible to read the contents of a one cell, but it is only possible to write an whole block of cells Greater density which leads to superior cap
Explain High Level Data Link Control. HDLC - it is High Level Data Link Control: Protocol Overall explanation: Layer 2 of the OSI model is the data link layer. One of the
The 68Hc11 is actually a complex micro-controller its contains internally RAM, EEPROM, Parallel IO and serial ports, hardware timers and a 8 channel ADC. The internal structure is
Method : The master from which the copies will be taken is first prepared from a special non-absorbent glazed sheet of paper and special carbon paper which acts as the reproducing
Design a counter modulo 4 (sequential circuit with two flip-flops and one input U) which work like that: 1. When U=0, the state of the flip-flop does not change. 2. Whe
Problem: (a) (i) Distinguish between Complex Type and Simple Type elements. (ii) List two benefits while using XSDs in XML data modeling. (b) Both XML schema and XSL u
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