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Explain FDM and show how CCITT standards help in building the base band?
Frequency Division Multiplexing: This is the process of combining some information channels through shifting their signals to various frequency groups in the spectrum therefore they can be transmitted simultaneously over common transmission service.
The bandwidth of a telephone speech signal is quite less than 4 kHz. Where, the available bandwidth on unloaded cables pair is fine above 100 kHz. Therefore this is possible, by using modulation techniques, for divide up the cable bandwidth then a number of telephone speech paths can be carried at the same time along a single cable pair. The normal arrangement contains 24 telephone channels per cable pair, the modulation in 24 channels being carried out within the two stages. In the primary stage, 12 channels are multiplexed together to form that is commonly termed as a basic group. This basic group arrangement is demonstrated in figure. Each of the 12 telephone signals are single side-band amplitude modulated on to carriers spaced at 4 kHz intervals 64 kHz to 108 kHz. The lower side-band (LSB) is utilized in every case. The 12 base-band signals are thus translated in the frequency band from 60 kHz 108 kHz as demonstrated. The block diagram for the channel translating equipment is specified in figure. To form a 24-channel system, to basic groups are occupied together. One basic group (B) is transmitted directly as this stands. Another basic group (A) is amplitude modulated on to a carrier are 120 kHz and the lower side-band is occupied such as to take the frequency range from 12 kHz to 60 kHz as demonstrated in figure. by using two stages of modulation for basic group A, this is possible to decrease the physical size of the component needed for the LSB filters of the figure, because the lowest cut- off frequency needed is at 64 kHz quite than 12 kHz when the whole block of 24 channels were assembled together in one stage of modulation.
FIG - Basic Group Arrangement
FIG - Channel Translating Equipment
The capacity of 2K × 16 PROM is to be expanded to 16 K × 16. Find the number of PROM chips required and the number of address lines in the expanded memory. Ans. Capacity requi
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Some of the advantages of B2B are: i) Enhanced customer satisfaction Code ii) Enhanced inventory system iii) Simple and cost effective marketing iv) Coordination among
assignment on transaction flow, transform flow, transform mapping: refining the architectural design
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Buses: Execution of 1 instruction need the following 3 steps to be performed by the CPU: I. Fetch the contents of the memory location pointed at by the computer syst
The free subroutine frees a block of memory lastly allocated by the malloc subroutine. Undefined results happen if the Pointer parameter is not a valid pointer. If the Pointer para
An EFI boot manager is also used to select and load the operating system, removing the require for a dedicated boot loader mechanism
What are the gates required to build a half adder ? Ans. The gates needed to build a half adder are EX-OR gate and AND gate as shown below the logic diagram of half adder:
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