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Explain FDM and show how CCITT standards help in building the base band?
Frequency Division Multiplexing: This is the process of combining some information channels through shifting their signals to various frequency groups in the spectrum therefore they can be transmitted simultaneously over common transmission service.
The bandwidth of a telephone speech signal is quite less than 4 kHz. Where, the available bandwidth on unloaded cables pair is fine above 100 kHz. Therefore this is possible, by using modulation techniques, for divide up the cable bandwidth then a number of telephone speech paths can be carried at the same time along a single cable pair. The normal arrangement contains 24 telephone channels per cable pair, the modulation in 24 channels being carried out within the two stages. In the primary stage, 12 channels are multiplexed together to form that is commonly termed as a basic group. This basic group arrangement is demonstrated in figure. Each of the 12 telephone signals are single side-band amplitude modulated on to carriers spaced at 4 kHz intervals 64 kHz to 108 kHz. The lower side-band (LSB) is utilized in every case. The 12 base-band signals are thus translated in the frequency band from 60 kHz 108 kHz as demonstrated. The block diagram for the channel translating equipment is specified in figure. To form a 24-channel system, to basic groups are occupied together. One basic group (B) is transmitted directly as this stands. Another basic group (A) is amplitude modulated on to a carrier are 120 kHz and the lower side-band is occupied such as to take the frequency range from 12 kHz to 60 kHz as demonstrated in figure. by using two stages of modulation for basic group A, this is possible to decrease the physical size of the component needed for the LSB filters of the figure, because the lowest cut- off frequency needed is at 64 kHz quite than 12 kHz when the whole block of 24 channels were assembled together in one stage of modulation.
FIG - Basic Group Arrangement
FIG - Channel Translating Equipment
n=(x*2)/(1=0) the value x=0 and is used to stop the algerithin.The calculation is repeated using values of x=0 is input. There is only a need to check for error positions. The va
Use of instruction register and program counter: Q. What is the use of instruction register (IR) and program counter (PC)? Ans: The instruction register (IR) holds the inst
Problem: (a) Describe how a Mobile Terminating call, from a PSTN phone, is processed in a GSM network. Illustrate your answer with a diagram. (b) What is a GPRS Support node
Prove the following Boolean identities using the laws of Boolean algebra (A + B)(A + C) = A + BC Ans. (A+B)(A+C)=A+BC LHS AA+AC+AB+BC=A+AC+AB+BC OR A((C+1)+A(B+1))+BC
Determine the primary memory of the server The keys used for accessing the server are held at a secret location in the primary memory of the server. This area or location is hi
Explain Dial Tone and Ringing Tone in strowger telephony. Dial Tone: it is used to indicate that the exchange is ready to recognize dialed digits by the subscriber. The subsc
Discuss briefly subscriber loop system. Subscriber Loop System: Every subscriber in a telephone network is connected usually to the nearest switching office using a dedicated
Q. What is the significance of having less memory references? As the time needed for memory reference is more than that of a register reference so increased number of memory r
Why is Translation Look-aside Buffers (TLBs) important? The implementation of page-table is completed in the following manner: Page table is maintained in main memory.
creating a control flow question for atm system
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