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Explain FDM and show how CCITT standards help in building the base band?
Frequency Division Multiplexing: This is the process of combining some information channels through shifting their signals to various frequency groups in the spectrum therefore they can be transmitted simultaneously over common transmission service.
The bandwidth of a telephone speech signal is quite less than 4 kHz. Where, the available bandwidth on unloaded cables pair is fine above 100 kHz. Therefore this is possible, by using modulation techniques, for divide up the cable bandwidth then a number of telephone speech paths can be carried at the same time along a single cable pair. The normal arrangement contains 24 telephone channels per cable pair, the modulation in 24 channels being carried out within the two stages. In the primary stage, 12 channels are multiplexed together to form that is commonly termed as a basic group. This basic group arrangement is demonstrated in figure. Each of the 12 telephone signals are single side-band amplitude modulated on to carriers spaced at 4 kHz intervals 64 kHz to 108 kHz. The lower side-band (LSB) is utilized in every case. The 12 base-band signals are thus translated in the frequency band from 60 kHz 108 kHz as demonstrated. The block diagram for the channel translating equipment is specified in figure. To form a 24-channel system, to basic groups are occupied together. One basic group (B) is transmitted directly as this stands. Another basic group (A) is amplitude modulated on to a carrier are 120 kHz and the lower side-band is occupied such as to take the frequency range from 12 kHz to 60 kHz as demonstrated in figure. by using two stages of modulation for basic group A, this is possible to decrease the physical size of the component needed for the LSB filters of the figure, because the lowest cut- off frequency needed is at 64 kHz quite than 12 kHz when the whole block of 24 channels were assembled together in one stage of modulation.
FIG - Basic Group Arrangement
FIG - Channel Translating Equipment
Explain the numbering plan for ISDN address structure. The numbering plan for ISDN is evolved with using the following guidelines: 1. This is based on, and is an improvemen
Explain about the Flash memories These are re-writable non-volatile memories evolved from EEPROM; they are generally connected to the USB port on the computer enabling a user t
a) Total available bandwidth = 1 Mbps = 1000 Kbps Each user requires send data at the rate of = 500 kbps As it is circuit switched network we have to dedicate the bandwidth So the
Specify the default alignment for the following field types: 'D' - Left, 'F'-Right, 'N'-Left, 'I'-Right, 'T'-Left.
For the following, cmd1 and cmd2 are arbitrary UNIX commands, and file1 and file2 are files owned by you. Write UNIX (bash) commands to: (a) Run cmd1 and append its output to f
java program for implementation of telnet services
The First In First Out method assumes items of stocks are issued in the same order as they are received. Thus the goods received first are assumed to be the first to be issued .Any
Potential of Parallelism Problems in the actual world differ in respect of the amount of inherent parallelism intrinsic in respective problem domain. Some problems can be easil
Sun and Ni's Law The Sun and Ni's Law is a generalization of Amdahl's Law as well as Gustafson's Law. The fundamental idea underlying the Sun and Ni's Law is to find the soluti
What is Tri-state logic ? Ans. Tri-state Logic: In common logic circuits, there are two states of the output, as LOW and HIGH. If the output is not in the LOW state, this
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