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Explain data independence ?
Data independence is the capacity to modify the schema at one stage of a database system without having to change the schema at the further level. The three-schema architecture permits the feature of data independence. Data independence occurs since while the schema is changed at a few level, the schema at the further level remains unchanged; only the mapping among the two levels is changed.
Define Query Processing Query processing is the process of selecting the best plan or strategy to be employed in responding to a database request. The plan is then executed to
Hot Backup: Some sites cannot terminate the database while creating a backup copy of the files. The cold backup is not a reliable option. So different kinds of backing up database
What is a SELECT operation? The select operation selects tuples that please a given predicate. We use the lowercase letter σ to denote selection.
Compare the two log-based recovery schemes in terms of ease of implementation and overhead cost. Ans: There are two types of log based recovery techniques: deferred update
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What is foreign key? Foreign Key - Let there are two relations in tables R and S. Any candidate key of the relation R that is referred in the relation S is known as the forei
Objectives After reading this unit you should be able to: Explain storage of databases on hard disks; Discuss the execution of various file Organisation techniques;
These are designed to reduce the effects of a database failure and make sure a database is restored to a consistent state if a failure does arise. Manual backup/restore utilities n
Determine the minimal set of functional dependencies for the following data. This table is part of the OHSU database of extracurricular activities and tracks the DMICE band's co
File Manager File manager handles the allocation of space on disk storage. It starts and maintains the list of structures and indices described in the internal schema that is
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