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Explain data independence ?
Data independence is the capacity to modify the schema at one stage of a database system without having to change the schema at the further level. The three-schema architecture permits the feature of data independence. Data independence occurs since while the schema is changed at a few level, the schema at the further level remains unchanged; only the mapping among the two levels is changed.
Cardinality shows the number of instances of an entity associated with another entity participating in a relationship. Depend on the cardinality binary relationship can be further
Explain the disadvantages of a file processing system? Ans: Disadvantages of File Processing Systems include: 1) Data Redundancy 2) Data Inconsistency 3) Difficult to acce
Convert the following ER - diagram (Entity Relationship Diagram) into a relational database (the primary keys are underlined): 2160_Convert the following ER - diagram into a
Describe Interfaces for the DBA? Interfaces for the DBA - Most database systems holds privileged commands which could be used only through the DBA's staff. These involves com
What are the failures of Controlling Events Between Objects Failure Unintentional termination of system. Several possible causes: failure of system hardware, o
Define the basic operations of the relational algebra? Ans: Basic operators of relational algebra are: 1. Union (∪) - Selects tuples which are in either P or Q or in bot
List the types of authorization. A) Read authorization B) Write authorization C) Update authorization D) Drop authorization
In tuple relational calculus P1 → P2 is equivalent to ? A In tuple relational calculus P1→ P2 is equivalent to ¬P1 V P2. (The logical implication expression A B, meaning
how many types of data model in DBMS? explain data abstraction with its different level
Give two profit of Reuse of Code. Reusing the implementation . Place existing class directly inside a new class. The new class can be made up of any number and type of the oth
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