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Explain data independence ?
Data independence is the capacity to modify the schema at one stage of a database system without having to change the schema at the further level. The three-schema architecture permits the feature of data independence. Data independence occurs since while the schema is changed at a few level, the schema at the further level remains unchanged; only the mapping among the two levels is changed.
Outer Join: The use of Outer Join is that it still joins those tuples that do not have matching values in common columns are also contained in the result table. Outer join places
Given the following set of functional dependencies {cf→ bg, g → d, cdg → f, b → de, d → c} defined on R(b,c,d,e,f,g) a. Is cf→ e implied by the FDs? b. Is dg a superkey?
What is a hash index? A hash index organizes the search keys, with their associated pointers, into a hash file structure.
What is DAG? The class-subclass relationship is shown by a directed acyclic graph.eg: employees can be temporary or permanent. We might be create subclasses temporary \and perm
How to draw an ER diagram to a finance companz
What are multiple inheritances? Multiple inheritances allow a class to inherit variables and methods from many super classes.
what is Nested relational model? Explain with examples.
What sorts of tables one can se in designing the hierarchy of a LDB? Tables, which are having Foreign Key relations.
Define Physical and Logical independence Ans: Physical data independence: The ability to modify physical level without causing application program to be rewritten. Logic
What is substitutability? Any method of a class-say A can equally well be adjured with any object belonging to any subclasses B of A. This characteristic leads to code reuse, a
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