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Explain data independence ?
Data independence is the capacity to modify the schema at one stage of a database system without having to change the schema at the further level. The three-schema architecture permits the feature of data independence. Data independence occurs since while the schema is changed at a few level, the schema at the further level remains unchanged; only the mapping among the two levels is changed.
Heap files (unordered file) Mostly these files are unordered files. It is the easiest and most basic type. These files having of randomly ordered records. The records will have
Give the two reasons for allowing concurrency
What are the costs to be considered when a transaction has to be rolled back when recovering from deadlock? Ans: A few transaction will must rolled back (made a victim)
Hot Backup: Some sites cannot terminate the database while creating a backup copy of the files. The cold backup is not a reliable option. So different kinds of backing up database
Explain the differences between structured data and unstructured data. Structured data are facts concerning objects and events. The most significant structured data are numeric
You group has been hired by TrainingrUs.com to keeps track of training revenues. TrainingrUS.com wants you to keep scheduling. COURSE table contains following information:
You have a friend that runs a motor bike club that holds racing events at various venues on weekends, on a monthly basis. Some venues are private race tracks and some are dirt trac
Describe Specialsation and generalization? Specialisation /generalization: This is a top down and bottom up approach to the design of database. It displays the IS_A relation
Define the notation for classes and atrributes The notation for class, attribute, and operations are shown below: Figure: Class with attributes and operations A
Examples:- Hierarchical Model: It tells data as and relationships by hierarchy of data values. Figure illustrates an example of hierarchical model. Now a day's these models are
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