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Explain data independence ?
Data independence is the capacity to modify the schema at one stage of a database system without having to change the schema at the further level. The three-schema architecture permits the feature of data independence. Data independence occurs since while the schema is changed at a few level, the schema at the further level remains unchanged; only the mapping among the two levels is changed.
What is Identity? Identity (or AutoNumber) is a column that automatically produces numeric values. A start and increment value can be set, but most DBA leave these at 1. A GUID
Explain I command in QBE ? I : It is the command in QBE that is used to insert tuple (s) into the database
3NF Normal Form A relation schema R is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and for each FD X A either of the following is true X is a Super-key of R. A is a prime attribute of R
Describe substring comparison in SQL. For the relation Person (name, address), write a SQL query that retrieves the names of people whose name starts along with ‘A' and address co
Describe the benefits of OOD techniques OOD techniques are very useful for development of large and complex systems. It has been noted that large projects that are developed u
What is called as an N-way merge? The merge operation is a generalization of the two-way merge used by the standard in-memory sort-merge algorithm. It merges N runs, so it is k
How is concurrency identified? Concurrency in objects can be identified by the way they alter their state. Current objects can change their state independently. Aggregation imp
What are the disadvantages of file processing system? The drawbacks of file processing systems are a) Data redundancy and inconsistency b) Complexity in accessing data
Explain the EXISTS and UNIQUE functions of SQL. Give an example for each? EXISTS: The EXISTS function takes one parameter that is a SQL statement. If any records exist which
How can you map NULL values to other values while display? IF( ) , IFNULL( ) keywords are used to do so. They are 'LIMIT' is used for the following kinds of problems: 1) Ans
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