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Explain data independence ?
Data independence is the capacity to modify the schema at one stage of a database system without having to change the schema at the further level. The three-schema architecture permits the feature of data independence. Data independence occurs since while the schema is changed at a few level, the schema at the further level remains unchanged; only the mapping among the two levels is changed.
System level permissions : With the use of data dictionary you can view them. Let us take the table name as user_sys_privs (used in oracle). DESCRIBE USER_SYS_PRI
Explain the term- signal-to-noise ratio A signal-to-noise ratio of 20 dB means that S/N = 100. As log2101 is around 6.658, the Shannon limit is around 19.975 kbps. The Nyquist
Security: In a centralised system, access to the data can be simply controlled. Though, in a distributed DBMS not only does access to replicated data have to be controlled in many
What is system log? What are the entries? Ans: The system log that is generally written on stable storage contains the redundant data required to recover from volatile
What are audit trails? An audit trail is a log of all alters to the database along with information like which user performed the change and when the alter was performed.
Part: Recommended (Non-query) Optimisations This section entitled "Recommended (non-query) optimisations" should be a brief report containing recommended optimisations you would
Define Hash files organization a. Hashing includes computing the address of a data item by calculating a function on the search key value. b. A hash function h is a functi
cardnality ratio for humanresource mangement system
Explain natural join? Natural Join - Similar as equi-join except in which the join attributes (having similar names) are not involved in the resulting relation. Only one sets
aggregation
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