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Explain data independence ?
Data independence is the capacity to modify the schema at one stage of a database system without having to change the schema at the further level. The three-schema architecture permits the feature of data independence. Data independence occurs since while the schema is changed at a few level, the schema at the further level remains unchanged; only the mapping among the two levels is changed.
Operator Precedence The basic operators used in SQL are * / - + Operators of the similar priority are evaluated From Left to right Parentheses are used to force priorit
explain cascading rollback
Explain how the associations are implemented as classes. A general approach in this case is to transform an association class into a simple class linked to two original classes
Problem: (a) Given the following relation: Stats(Name,Sex,Children, Occupation, Salary, Tax, Audits) Write SQL code to define the following security constraints: (i) User
sql is relationally complete-justify
Question: In a multi-user database environment, locking mechanisms can be used to solve the three basic problems of concurrency. On the other hand, however, locking may also le
Consistency error : These errors happen due to the inconsistent state of database caused may be due to wrong implementation of commands or in case of a transaction abort. To overc
(1) Insert into PERSON Violated constraint: - Key constraint Reason: - Primary key 1 already exists in PERSON. Dealing: - DBMS could ask the user to provide valid PER
Cardinality shows the number of instances of an entity associated with another entity participating in a relationship. Depend on the cardinality binary relationship can be further
Load sample data into the database tables design and test queries to return the following information • All rows and columns for employees • All rows and columns for customers •
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