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Explain data independence ?
Data independence is the capacity to modify the schema at one stage of a database system without having to change the schema at the further level. The three-schema architecture permits the feature of data independence. Data independence occurs since while the schema is changed at a few level, the schema at the further level remains unchanged; only the mapping among the two levels is changed.
Using Relational Algebra which query finds customers, who have a balance of over 1000 ? Using Relational Algebra Π Customer_name( σ balance >1000(Deposit)) is query to find cu
Describe multi key files
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) provides retail data for different groups and different states as well as the aggregate numbers. Table 11 " Retail Turnover, State by Industry
Multi-Key File Organisation In this part, we will introduce two basic file Organisation schemes that permit records to be accessed by more than one key field, therefore, allowi
Define multivalued dependency and 4NF. Ans: Multivalued Dependency - Assume R be a relation schema and let α ⊆ R and β ⊆ R. The multivalued dependency α →→β holds o
explain cascading rollback
What is hashing file organization? In the hashing file organization, a hash function is computed on some attribute of every record. The result of the hash function specify in
This constraint shows that the key attribute value in each tuple must be unique, i.e., no two tuples have the similar value for the key attribute. This is because the value of the
Explain the ISA relationship Answer: ISA relationship - ISA notation is employed in generalization/ specialization to depict relationship among lower and higer level entity s
Write short note on Data models? Data models: A data model is an abstract model which elaborates how data is represented and accessed. The term data model has two commonly ac
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