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Explain data independence ?
Data independence is the capacity to modify the schema at one stage of a database system without having to change the schema at the further level. The three-schema architecture permits the feature of data independence. Data independence occurs since while the schema is changed at a few level, the schema at the further level remains unchanged; only the mapping among the two levels is changed.
What is bucket overflow and how bucket overflow is handled through Over Flow Chaining or Closed Hashing? Ans: Bucket: unit of storage holding records. Bucket is a disk block
random file orgnization
What is a state chart diagram? State diagrams (State Chart Diagram) explain all possible states that a particular object can get into, and how object's state changes as result
What are three components of the schema architecture proposed by ANSI/SPARC? The three component schema architecture proposed by ANSI/SPARC is as given below: External sche
What is a disjoint less constraint? Ans: It needs that an entity belongs to no much more than one level entity set. Disjoint less constraint needs that an entity belongs to
Explain the three data models namely relational, network and hierarchical and evaluate their relative advantages and disadvantages. Hierarchical Model: In hierarchical model, da
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what is the importance of back up files
Explain Instance and schemas? Instances and schemas: Databases changes over time as the information is deleted and inserted. The collection of information stored in database
Example -Find the employee name, salary, department number and average salary of his/her department, for those employees whose salary is more than the average salary of that depart
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