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Explain data independence ?
Data independence is the capacity to modify the schema at one stage of a database system without having to change the schema at the further level. The three-schema architecture permits the feature of data independence. Data independence occurs since while the schema is changed at a few level, the schema at the further level remains unchanged; only the mapping among the two levels is changed.
Define the basic operations of the relational algebra? Ans: Basic operators of relational algebra are: 1. Union (∪) - Selects tuples which are in either P or Q or in bot
Explain Stand Alone Query Language in details? Stand alone Query Language - The query language that can be used interactively is known as stand alone query language. It does no
QUESTION (a)(i) Define the term database. (ii) How is it different from a database management system? (b) What is the difference between an entity and an attribute? (c
what is natural join?
Construct a clean ans concise ER diagram for the database indicating the cardinality mapping for Employee management syatem
multidimensional data model
When is a transaction rolled back? Any changes that the aborted transaction made to the database must be uncompleted. While the changes caused by an aborted transaction have be
Properties of a Transaction A transaction has four main properties. These are: Atomicity Consistency Isolation or Independence Durability or Permanen
What is storage manager? A storage manager is a program module that gives the interface among the low level data keeps in a database and the application programs and queries su
Object-oriented decompositions Object-oriented decompositions of systems better are able to cope with change. Each subsystem has a well-defined interface which communicates with
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