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Explain data independence ?
Data independence is the capacity to modify the schema at one stage of a database system without having to change the schema at the further level. The three-schema architecture permits the feature of data independence. Data independence occurs since while the schema is changed at a few level, the schema at the further level remains unchanged; only the mapping among the two levels is changed.
The Update Operations : Update operations are used for altering database values. The constraint violations faced by this operation are logically the similar as the problem faced
Software failures : In such cases, a software error abruptly stops the implementation of the current transaction (or all transactions), therefore leading to losing the state of pr
What are deadlocks? How can they be avoided? Ans: Deadlock considers to a particular condition when two or more processes are every waiting for another to release a resource,
What are the parts of SQL language? The SQL language has various parts: data - definitition language Data manipulation language View definition Transaction contr
List the data structures implemented by the storage manager. The storage manager executes the following data structure a) Data files b) Data dictionary c) indices
Define the concept of aggregation. Give two examples where this concept is useful. Ans: Aggregation transforms a relationship among the objects into a higher-level object. A
Explain the conventions for displaying an ER schema as an ER diagram? An E-R Diagram scheme might describe certain constraints to that the contents of a database must conform.
Define average latency time. The average latency time of the disk is one-half the time for a full rotation of the disk.
Define null values. In some cases a certain entity may not have an applicable value for an attribute or if we do not know the value of an attribute for a certain entity. In the
Exclusive lock It is asked for by a transaction on a data item that it wants to update. No other transaction can put either a shared lock or an exclusive lock on a dat
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