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Explain data independence ?
Data independence is the capacity to modify the schema at one stage of a database system without having to change the schema at the further level. The three-schema architecture permits the feature of data independence. Data independence occurs since while the schema is changed at a few level, the schema at the further level remains unchanged; only the mapping among the two levels is changed.
Objectives Define the terms RECOVERY and INTEGRITY; Define Recovery Techniques; Explain Error and Error detection techniques, and Define types of Authorisation.
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What are the two integrity rules? Ans: The two integrity rules are: Entity Integrity Rule & Referential Integrity Rule. Entity Integrity Rule - If the attribute A of rel
Data Manipulation Language Data manipulation language (DML) describes a set of commands that are used to query and change data within existing schema objects. In this case comm
Types of Data fragmentation
what is completeness constrent?
for the following business rules . Identify all entities, attributes, relationships, primary keys, cardinalities and constraints where appropriate 3. (9) An art museum owns a larg
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In E-R diagram how generalization is represented? in E-R diagram generalization is represented by Triangle shape.
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