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Explain data independence ?
Data independence is the capacity to modify the schema at one stage of a database system without having to change the schema at the further level. The three-schema architecture permits the feature of data independence. Data independence occurs since while the schema is changed at a few level, the schema at the further level remains unchanged; only the mapping among the two levels is changed.
Why is need for the multiple access paths?
Consider entity type Employee with attributes empNumber (this is unique), empName, and the year when he/she was hired. An employee can either be a technical employee, a marketing e
What is the difference among a primary index and a secondary index? Primary Index: A primary index is an ordered file whose records are of fixed length along with two fields.
Given the following relations Vehicle (Reg_no, make, colour) Person(eno, name, address) Owner(eno, reg_no) Write expressions in the relational algebra to answer the following
Making Common Behaviour Abstract Let us define abstraction "Abstraction means to focus on the necessary, inherent aspects of an entity and ignoring its accidental features". O
List two restrictions that are applied on the modification (updation, insertion or deletion) of base tables through view. Ans: The two restrictions are: 1. If a view
Update Anomaly : This anomaly is occurred due to data redundancy. Redundant information makes updates more complex since, for example, varying the name of the instructor of MCS-014
Problem: You are given the following schema 1. Flights(flno, from, to, distance) 2. Aircraft(aid, flno, aname, cruisingRange) 3. Certified(eid, aid) 4. Employees(eid, ena
Write an sql statement to find what is the percentage of home policies which are from the state of Arizona out of all Home policies by Policy Value.
Explain the term - Adjustment of inheritance The inheritance can be enlarged as object design progresses by changing class structure. The designer should do: i) Adjust or r
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