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Explain data independence ?
Data independence is the capacity to modify the schema at one stage of a database system without having to change the schema at the further level. The three-schema architecture permits the feature of data independence. Data independence occurs since while the schema is changed at a few level, the schema at the further level remains unchanged; only the mapping among the two levels is changed.
In Database software have only pure security or some dis secured by administrator?
Lack of Redundancy We have talked about the problems of repetition of information in a database. Such repetition should be stay away as much as possible. Let us state once again t
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Determine the concept of Process Process: A process transforms the data values. It is represented as ellipse containing a description of transformation. Each procedure has a
A Structure of a dependency diagram
Horizontal Fragmentation- Horizontal fragmentation groups together the tuples in a relation that are collectively used by the main transactions. A horizontal fragment is produced b
Wait-die" scheme : The idea is based on non-preventive method. It is based on a simple rule: If Ti requests a database resource that is held by T
Compare the two log-based recovery schemes in terms of ease of implementation and overhead cost. Ans: There are two types of log based recovery techniques: deferred update
aggregation
A Functional dependency is described by X Y between two groups of attributes Y and X that are subsets of R specifies a constraint on the possible tuple that can make a relation
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