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Explain data independence ?
Data independence is the capacity to modify the schema at one stage of a database system without having to change the schema at the further level. The three-schema architecture permits the feature of data independence. Data independence occurs since while the schema is changed at a few level, the schema at the further level remains unchanged; only the mapping among the two levels is changed.
Question (a) Concurrent access to data from a database is a normal part of application program usage. Describe three approaches to concurrency control (b) Distinguish among
Creating a view: A query can be embedded within the CREATE VIEW STATEMENT A query can have complex select statements containing join, groups and sub- queries A quer
Which language used in application programs to request data from the DBMS is referred? Language which is used in application program is DML to request data from the DBMS is ref
Information about a bank is about customers and their account. Customer has a name, address that consists of house number, area and city, and one or more phone numbers. Account ha
Examples:- Hierarchical Model: It tells data as and relationships by hierarchy of data values. Figure illustrates an example of hierarchical model. Now a day's these models are
The advantages of a database management system (DBMS) include :- Data integrity and elimination of duplication.
Having Clause with sub queries: First we have to recollect the GROUP BYclause. The following query searches the minimum salary in every department. SELECT DEPTNO, MIN (SAL)
Question: (a) Discuss the difference between a composite key and a composite attribute. How would each be indicated in an E-R diagram? Support your answer with appropriate exam
What is meant by the degree of relationship set? The degree of relationship type is the number of participating entity types.
Creating views with check option : This option limits those updates of data values that cause records to go off the view. The following instance tells this in more detail: Examp
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