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Explain data independence ?
Data independence is the capacity to modify the schema at one stage of a database system without having to change the schema at the further level. The three-schema architecture permits the feature of data independence. Data independence occurs since while the schema is changed at a few level, the schema at the further level remains unchanged; only the mapping among the two levels is changed.
Define and differentiate between ordered indexing and hashing. Ans: Ordered indexing: To gain fast random access to records in a file, we can make of an index structure. Every
Some disadvantages of File Oriented System ?
Having clause This clause is used for producing conditions on grouped information. Example: Find maximum salary and department number of those departments where maxim
Explain retrieval in QBE? Retrieval in QBE : A "GUI" for expressing queries. Based on the Domain Relational Calculus (DRC) Actually invented before GUIs. Very co
The result of the UNION operation between R1 and R2 is a relation that includes? The result of the operation between R1 and R2 includes all the tuples of R1 and R2 which have c
education.
What is a Database? To know what database is, we have to start from data, which is the basic building block of any DBMS. Data: Facts, figures, statistics etc. having no pa
Define instance and schema? Instance: Collection of data kept in the data base at a particular moment is known as an Instance of the database. Schema: The o
State as Location within a Program In this traditional approach, location of control inside a program totally defines the program state. Any finite state machine may be implem
What are the physical characteristics of magnetic disks? Ans: A magnetic disk is a circular plate or platter of plastic or metal that is coated with magnetizable material lik
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