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Explain data independence ?
Data independence is the capacity to modify the schema at one stage of a database system without having to change the schema at the further level. The three-schema architecture permits the feature of data independence. Data independence occurs since while the schema is changed at a few level, the schema at the further level remains unchanged; only the mapping among the two levels is changed.
What are the components of storage manager? The storage manager components include a) Authorization and integrity manager b) Transaction manager c) Buffer manager d
You are required to implement integrity constraints within the database to enforce the following requirements: For Projects: Start date must be supplied. Start date cannot be i
give me a diagram about physical or internal level
(1) Insert into PERSON Violated constraint: - Key constraint Reason: - Primary key 1 already exists in PERSON. Dealing: - DBMS could ask the user to provide valid PER
I have to solve a problem using access
What is the aim of logical schema ? The main motive of the logical schema is to ensure the portability of procedures and models on various physical schemas at runtime.
why shadow copy technique is used?
1. A company wants a report containing a breakdown of payroll by department. Input, which should be stored in 3 parallel arrays, includes each employee's department number, hourly
Explain Alternate key? Alternate Key - All the candidate keys except primary key are known as alternate keys.
Candidate Key: In a relation R, a candidate key for R is a subset of the set of attributes of R, which have the differnt two properties: (1) Uniqueness: N
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