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Explain data abstraction?
Data abstraction Data abstraction is a methodology in which enables us to isolate how a compound data object is utilized from the details of how it is constructed from more primitive data objects.
Synonyms It allows short names or alternative names for objects. Example : CREATE SYNONYM D30 FOR EMPD30; Now if we give command:
Determine Which is not a consequence of concurrent operations? Ans: Update anomaly.
Explain the Natural join Natural join is a binary operator which is written as (R* S) in which R and S are relations. The effect of the natural join is the set of all combinati
Describe five main functions of a database administrator. Ans: A database administrator (DBA) is a person who is accountable for the environmental aspects of a database. Genera
Explain the term - Handling Boundary Condition These are some circumstances that to be handled in any system initialization and termination. Describes how system is bro
Describe the GRANT function and explain, how it associates to security. What kind of privileges may be granted? How are they revoked? Ans: Since more than one user can aacce
Define Serializable schedule Serializable schedule: An interleaved schedule of much more than one transaction is known as a serializable schedule, if it is equal to some serial
Data Independence This brings us to our next topic: data independence. It is the property of the database which tries to make sure that if we make any change in any level of sc
What are the disadvantages of file processing system? The drawbacks of file processing systems are a) Data redundancy and inconsistency b) Complexity in accessing data
Fourth Normal Form (4NF) When attributes in a relation have multi-valued dependency, further Normalization to 4NF and 5NF are needed. Let us first find out what multi-valued d
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