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Q. Explain about Differentiator?
Shown in Figure is a differentiator which is obtained by replacing R1 in the inverting amplifier of Figure by a capacitor C. Assuming ideal op-amp characteristics, one has i = iC and vo = - Ri = - RiC. But since iC (t) = Cdvin (t) /dt ,we get
vo (t) = - RC dvin (t) / dt
which corresponds to a differentiator with a gain of -RC. In practice, however, differentiators are normally avoided because of high-frequency noise (which is accentuated due to a transfer function that increases with frequency) and stability problems (which make them oscillate).
Explain Total internal reflection? The refractive index of a medium is defined as the ratio of velocity of light in vacuum to the velocity of light in that medium n x = C/V
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