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Data Independence
This brings us to our next topic: data independence. It is the property of the database which tries to make sure that if we make any change in any level of schema of the database, the schema instantly above it would need minimal or no need of change.
Define the terms i) DDL ii) DML DDL: Data base schema is particular by a set of definitions expressed by a special language known as a data definition language. DML: A data
Explain concurrency control? Concurrency control Oracles multiversion concurrency control varies from the concurrency mechanism used by some other data base vendors. Read
Explain Dynamic Two-Phase Locking Here a transaction locks a data item instantly earlier than any operation is applied on the data item. After finishing all the operations on
Describes the several relationship constraints through giving suitable example? Constraints on relationships: There are two kinds of constraints on relationships. 1) Mapping
What is data model? Explain object based and record based data models? Ans: A data model is an abstract model in which describes how data is represented and accessed. (i)
Explain Domain calculus Domain calculus is one of the types of the relational calculus. The formal specification of the domain calculus was planned after the development of the
How does a query tree represent a relational algebra expression? Discuss any three rules for query optimisation, giving example as to when should each rule be applied. Ans
What is foreign key? Foreign Key - Let there are two relations in tables R and S. Any candidate key of the relation R that is referred in the relation S is known as the forei
Question: a) What is Client/Server and what benefits can be expected from Client/Server systems? b) Explain what middleware is and what it does. Why would MIS managers be p
how many hourse have been spent on a certain project
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