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Data Independence
This brings us to our next topic: data independence. It is the property of the database which tries to make sure that if we make any change in any level of schema of the database, the schema instantly above it would need minimal or no need of change.
What is Conceptual Schema? Conceptual Schema - Conceptual schema elaborates the structure of the overall database for a community of users. It hides the details of physical sto
Consider student (std_id, std_name, date_of_birth, phone, dept_name). Put the data for a student with student id200, name arun, birth date 1 February, 1985, phone number (01110 328
aggregation
Describe the four main ways of optimising disk block access. Ans: a. Disk b. Non-volatile writes buffers c. File organization (Clustering) d. Log-based file system
What is NULL? Simply NULL means not in value.
What is Foreign Key Foreign Key: Sometimes we may have to work with an attribute that does not have a primary key of its own. To recognize its rows, we have to use the primar
What are the requirements to ensure the objectives of file management principle is realized?
WHERE and HAVING clause in SQL ? The WHERE clause is commonly used for implementing conditions on each tuple of the relation. The HAVING clause is used in combination along wi
First Normal Form and second normal form First Normal Form (1NF) A relation is said to be in 1NF if it having no non-atomic values and each row can give a unique combinat
NEED FOR A DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM A Database is a structured, persistent collection of data of an organisation. The database management system (DBMS) manages the database o
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