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Data Independence
This brings us to our next topic: data independence. It is the property of the database which tries to make sure that if we make any change in any level of schema of the database, the schema instantly above it would need minimal or no need of change.
What is system log? What are the entries? Ans: The system log that is generally written on stable storage contains the redundant data required to recover from volatile
Cardinality of Relationship One-to-One Only one entity of the first set is linked to only one entity of the second set. E.g. A teacher teaches a student. Only one teacher
Example :; transfers transfer_amount from x's account to y's account ; Supposes x&y both accounts exist TRANSACTION (x, y, transfer_amount) Start transaction IF X AND Y
Indexed (Indexed Sequential) File Organisation It organises the file like a big dictionary, i.e., records are kept in order of the key but an index is stored which also allows
Describe how you can simplify Operations. To simplify operation, one should use inheritance, where possible to use, to reduce the quantity of distinct operations. Introduce new
A student entity type has the following attributes,name..
Question: AirwaysCentre, an international airline booking company currently uses a relational database system for their operations, which includes the following relations: P
Creation of Indexes Automatically: When a primary key or Unique constraint is show in a table definition then a unique index is formed automatically. Manually: User can
Define and differentiate between ordered indexing and hashing. Ans: Ordered indexing: To gain fast random access to records in a file, we can make of an index structure. Every
When are they useful? Justify with an example. The temporary tables are commonly used to support specialized rollups or exact application processing needs. Unlike a permanent t
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