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Data Independence
This brings us to our next topic: data independence. It is the property of the database which tries to make sure that if we make any change in any level of schema of the database, the schema instantly above it would need minimal or no need of change.
What is ICR? A. ICR (Intelligent Character Recognition) is a technology that gives scanning and imaging systems the ability to identify images of hand-printed or script charact
Example -GRANT CREATE SESSION TO MCA12; (This command gives system level permission on creating a session - not portable) GRANT SELECT ON EMP TO MCA12; (Object level permi
Explain the term- Periodic recomputation Periodic recomputation: Base values are often updated in bunches. Sometimes, it is possible to just recompute all derived attributes p
Increased parallelism : Since the replicated date has several copies a query can be distributed or can be answered from the smallest loaded site. Also, with more replicas you have
How external/conceptual mapping and conceptual /internal mapping is performed
Define outer union operation of the relational algebra. Compute the outer union for the relations R and S given below. Outer Join - If there are any values in one tabl
Timestamps For Read operations: If TS (T) If TS (T) >= W-timestamp (Q), then the transaction T is trying to read a value of data item Q which has been written and committed
What is a recovery scheme? An integral part of a database system is a recovery scheme that can restore the database to the reliable state that existed before the failure.
What is Foreign Key Foreign Key: Sometimes we may have to work with an attribute that does not have a primary key of its own. To recognize its rows, we have to use the primar
Control as Concurrent Tasks The expression control as simultaneous task means applying control for those events of object which can happen simultaneously. An object can be imp
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