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Exceptions
An exception is the runtime error or warning condition that can be predefined or user-defined. The Predefined exceptions are raised implicitly through runtime system. The User-defined exceptions should be raised explicitly by the RAISE statements. To handle the raised exceptions, you can write the separate routines which are known as the exception handlers.
Syntax:
Functions The function is a subprogram that calculates a value. The Functions and procedures are structured similar, except that the functions have a RETURN clause. You can
Write a query to find academics that are authors and that have only ever coauthored papers with authors from institutes in the same state as their own. List their academic number,
Using COUNT The COUNT returns the number of elements that a collection presently contains. For instance, when a varray projects contains 15 elements, then the following IF con
Scope Rules You cannot declare an exception twice in the similar block. Though, you can, declare the similar exception in 2 different blocks. The Exceptions declared in a bloc
Advantages of Subprograms The Subprograms give extensibility; that is, tailor the PL/SQL language to suit your requirements. For illustration, if you require a procedure which
Example of COALESCE operator Example: Give the total of marks for each exam (simplified solution) SELECT CourseId, COALESCE ((SELECT SUM (Mark) FROM EXAM_MARK AS EM
Restriction and AND - SQL Restriction is available via the WHERE operator, and so it is in SQL. However, by Example showing how a certain simple restriction can be expressed u
Parameter and Keyword Description: collection_name: This keyword identifies the index-by table, nested table, or varray formerly declared within the present scope. cu
Example of Alternative formulation as a table constraint Example: Alternative formulation as a table constraint ALTER TABLE EXAM_MARK ADD CONSTRAINT Must_be_enrolled_to_
Anatomy of a Command Figure, showing a simple SQL command, is almost identical to its counterpart in the theory book. The only difference arises from the fact that SQL uses a
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