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Example of Level numbers - cobol programming:
To explain the hierarchical structure introduced above, the concept of the level number is employed in COBOL.
The most broad group should have the level number 01. The initial subdivisions can have any level number between 02 and 49. More subdivisions must follow the similar range with the restriction that an item cannot have a level number less than or equal to the level numbers of the group which may include it. However a group involves all the elementary data or smaller groups beneath it until a level number equal to or less than the level number of the said group is encountered. The illustrations reveal the concept of the level numbers.
The group DATE that was shown former in the pictorial form is described in the first illustration. In the second illustration PAY is the most comprehensive group that has three subdivisions, namely, the GROSS-PAY, DEDUCTIONS &NET-PAY. The GROSS-PAY is again subdivided into BASIC, DEARNESS & HOUSE-RENT. In similar way the deductions are further subdivided into the PF-DEDUCT and IT-DEDUCT. It may be noted that the elementary data items are BASIC, DEARNESS, HOUSE-RENT, PF-DEDUCT, and IT-DEDUCT & NET-PAY. The structure can be pictorially shown below:
Many times, in a hierarchical data structure like this, the programmer may not need a data item to be referred to in the PROCEDURE DIVISION. This situation usually arises when a group and only few of its subdivisions are to be used in the program. The remaining subdivisions do not require to be used explicitly. In such cases the word FILLER may be used to name data to which the programmer does not wish to assign a specific name. FILLER can be used as many times as needed.
PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE SORT VERB: The file for which a record having 2 fields, viz., Account Number and Name is already available. Sort the file based on the ascending order o
DIVIDE VERB: The aim of the DIVIDE verb is to divide one number by the other and to store the result. There are few forms of this verb. One of its forms is as shown below:
CR and DB (Credit and Debit Sign): The two characters that is CR or DB symbol may appear only at the rightmost place of the picture. They are similar to the minus sign edit ch
Display control verbs in Cobol
Example of Redefines clause: This illustration describes a sales record that may either contain the total amount of sale or the quantity (QTY) and UNIT-PRICE. The aim of such
Comparison of the Numeric Operand with Nonnumeric Operand: The numeric operand can be compared to the nonnumeric operand subject to the restrictions which are as follows.
FILE-CONTROL ENTRIES FOR THE SEQUENTIAL FILES: The characteristics of each and every files handled in a program are specified in the ENVIRONMENT DIVISION and DATA DIVISION.
cobol program for generate a eb bill
Example of Class condition: Let the BASIC-PAY be a data name in the card record defined with picture 9(5) V99. By reading the card we can test the value of the BASIC-PAY to ma
Second form of Divide verb: The second form of this verb is as shown below: In this situation the identifier-1 or numeric- literal-1 will be divided by identifier-2 or
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