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Example of Level numbers - cobol programming:
To explain the hierarchical structure introduced above, the concept of the level number is employed in COBOL.
The most broad group should have the level number 01. The initial subdivisions can have any level number between 02 and 49. More subdivisions must follow the similar range with the restriction that an item cannot have a level number less than or equal to the level numbers of the group which may include it. However a group involves all the elementary data or smaller groups beneath it until a level number equal to or less than the level number of the said group is encountered. The illustrations reveal the concept of the level numbers.
The group DATE that was shown former in the pictorial form is described in the first illustration. In the second illustration PAY is the most comprehensive group that has three subdivisions, namely, the GROSS-PAY, DEDUCTIONS &NET-PAY. The GROSS-PAY is again subdivided into BASIC, DEARNESS & HOUSE-RENT. In similar way the deductions are further subdivided into the PF-DEDUCT and IT-DEDUCT. It may be noted that the elementary data items are BASIC, DEARNESS, HOUSE-RENT, PF-DEDUCT, and IT-DEDUCT & NET-PAY. The structure can be pictorially shown below:
Many times, in a hierarchical data structure like this, the programmer may not need a data item to be referred to in the PROCEDURE DIVISION. This situation usually arises when a group and only few of its subdivisions are to be used in the program. The remaining subdivisions do not require to be used explicitly. In such cases the word FILLER may be used to name data to which the programmer does not wish to assign a specific name. FILLER can be used as many times as needed.
REDEFINES CLAUSE: At times it may be found that two or more storage regions defined in the DATA DIVISION are not in use concurrently. In such situations only one storage regio
FILE-CONTROL paragraph for the relative files: The normal format for the SELECT clause for a relative file is as shown below. SELECT file-name ASSIGN TO implementor-nam
Literals: The actual values can too appear in a program. These values are termed as literals. For illustration, the statement MOVE 0 TO TOTAL indicates that the value zero wil
Illustration of the abbreviation: A few illustration of the abbreviation are given below: Illustration: The compound condition AMOUNT GREATER THAN 499 AND AMOUNT L
RULES OF RENAMES CLAUSE: The rules below should be observed while using the RENAMES clause: (i) All RENAMES entries should be written only after the last record descript
LEVEL NUMBERS: The COBOL makes use of the level number concept to explain the hierarchical data structure. A level number is a 2 digit number. The permitted level numbers a
/ (Slash Insertion): The edit character slash (/) also termed as virgule or stroke, may appear anyplace in the picture. When used, it will be inserted. More than one slash can
IF STATEMENT: The easiest form of the IF statement is IF condition-1 statement-1 where the condition-1 may be any one from the shown below. When the condition-1
RULES FOR OCCURS CLAUSE: The rules apply for the OCCURS clause and the subscripts are as shown below. (1) The integer in the OCCURS clause should be a positive integer.
Write a COBOL IF sentence to use the values of numeric variables EXAM and COURSEWORK , both assumed to be with format PIC 999 and in the range 0 to 100 and to move the value:
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