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Example of Level numbers - cobol programming:
To explain the hierarchical structure introduced above, the concept of the level number is employed in COBOL.
The most broad group should have the level number 01. The initial subdivisions can have any level number between 02 and 49. More subdivisions must follow the similar range with the restriction that an item cannot have a level number less than or equal to the level numbers of the group which may include it. However a group involves all the elementary data or smaller groups beneath it until a level number equal to or less than the level number of the said group is encountered. The illustrations reveal the concept of the level numbers.
The group DATE that was shown former in the pictorial form is described in the first illustration. In the second illustration PAY is the most comprehensive group that has three subdivisions, namely, the GROSS-PAY, DEDUCTIONS &NET-PAY. The GROSS-PAY is again subdivided into BASIC, DEARNESS & HOUSE-RENT. In similar way the deductions are further subdivided into the PF-DEDUCT and IT-DEDUCT. It may be noted that the elementary data items are BASIC, DEARNESS, HOUSE-RENT, PF-DEDUCT, and IT-DEDUCT & NET-PAY. The structure can be pictorially shown below:
Many times, in a hierarchical data structure like this, the programmer may not need a data item to be referred to in the PROCEDURE DIVISION. This situation usually arises when a group and only few of its subdivisions are to be used in the program. The remaining subdivisions do not require to be used explicitly. In such cases the word FILLER may be used to name data to which the programmer does not wish to assign a specific name. FILLER can be used as many times as needed.
File- Section &Working-Storage Section: a) FILE SECTION: The FILE SECTION includes the explanation of all data items that must be read from or written onto some external
Illustration of Perform with varying option: A) Perform para-3 varying the k from 1 by 1 until k > 10. Here para-3 will be constantly executed 10 times (For k=1,2,3, .....1
DIVIDE VERB: The aim of the DIVIDE verb is to divide one number by the other and to store the result. There are few forms of this verb. One of its forms is as shown below:
Block Size: The normal practice is to group a number of consecutive records to form that is termed as a block or a physical record. The number of records in a block is frequen
Rules for apply for the condition name: The rules below apply for the condition name. (i) The Condition names should be explained at level 88. The level number starts in ma
Example of Perform statement: PERFORM BEGIN-CALCULATION THRU END-CALCULATION. Assume, BEGIN-CALCULATION and END-CALCULTION is paragraph names. The execution of the PERFORM
LEVEL NUMBERS: The COBOL makes use of the level number concept to explain the hierarchical data structure. A level number is a 2 digit number. The permitted level numbers a
PERFORM WITH UNTIL OPTION: The format is as shown below: Illustration: A) Perform p-3 until i > 5. Here p-3 will be executed whenever i B) Perform p-2 thru
we have input file ,record layout is EMP ID (6 char) , EMP NAME (20 char), Designation (3 char),Salary (5 digit) Base Branch (10char) Grade (3 Alphanumeric). This is the input file
Example of condition names: The illustration below is of the use of the condition names 77 MARITAL-STATUS PIC 9 88 SINGLE VALUE IS ZERO 88 MA
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