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Equilibria
Equilibrium can also exist in between the same species in two different forms e.g. liquid and solid, liquid and gas. An equilibrium constant may also be produced for every of these systems.
Conditions of equilibrium
For the general reaction:
aA+bB→cC+dD
The change in Gibbs free energy, ΔG (see Topic B6) for the reaction at a temperature, T, is given by:
Where Q is the reaction quotient,
The free energy change of both the reverse and the forward reaction is equal. This is when ΔGback=ΔG=0. In this case, the rate constants for the forward and back reactions, kf and kb, and the activities of reactants and products are such that both forward and reverse reactions are occurring at an equal rate and the reaction is at equilibrium.
Directive effect in mono substituted benzene derivatives: The substituent previously present on the benzene ring directs the incoming substituent to inhabit ortho (2 or 6), met
The covalent bond produced by the unequal sharing of electrons among the two atoms is known as polar covalent bond.
The electron pair which forms a bond between two similar non-metallic atoms will be: (1) Dissimilar shared between the two (2) By complete transfer from one atom to other
Hydrogen
Q. What is Oxidation Numbers? Ans. Chemists find it useful to describe the oxidation states of an element by means of oxidation numbers. The oxidation number of an element
Q. What is the Structure of diborane? The structure of diborane is of great interest since it cannot be explained on the basis of simple theories of bonding. As mentioned earli
give an example of a compound whose empirical formula & molecular formula are same.
how do you calculate the concentration of hcl solution if you are the mass of sodium carbonate and the volume of its solution and the volume of the pipetted solution and the volume
example of chemical reaction
What is vulcanization The process of vulcanization was discovered by Charles Good Year in 1839. He found that when natural rubber is heated with sulphur, its tensile strength,
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