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How the time stamps are implemented Use the value of the system clock as the time stamp. That is a transaction's time stamp is equivalent to the value of the clock when the tra
These are the binary operations; i.e., each is applied to two relations or sets. These two relations can be union compatible excluding in case of Cartesian product. Two relations R
Q. Explain data aggregatio n and discuss different design constraints. Sol. Aggregation One limitation of the E-R model is that it cannot express relationships amon
CREATE TABLE prodtrans ( pno number (4) ptype char (1) CHECK (ptype in ('I','R','S')), qty number (5) FOREIGN KEY pno REFERENCES product (pno) ON DELETE CASCADE);
what do you mean by consistency in rdbms?
Heap files (unordered file) Mostly these files are unordered files. It is the easiest and most basic type. These files having of randomly ordered records. The records will have
What is self-transition? If there is a transition which goes back to same state, it is known as "self- transition." With a trigger action exit action would be executed f
Mention the type of constraints we can specify in the CREATE command of DDL. The type of constraints that can be specified are as follows:- PRIMARY KEY, NOT NULL, UNIQUE, FOR
What is a recursive relationship? Give an example not used in the text. A recursive relationship is a relationship among an entity and itself. For example, given the entity PER
Data Definition Language It organises the data in the form of columns and rows. But what does the data field column of table accumulate? How do you describe it using SQL? Th
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