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KIDNEYS -
Origin. They develop from the mesoderm of the embryo.
The kidneys secrete three hormones: renin, erythropoetin and calcitriol.
(i) Renin. Whenever the rate of ultrafiltration falls, the cells of their juxtaglomerular complex secrete and release into blood a compound named renin.
It acts upon a plasma-protein, angiotensinogen, separating a compound, called angiotensin-II from it.
Angiotensin-ll accelerates heart beat and contract arterioles, thereby increasing blood pressure.
(ii) Erythropoietin. The oxygen shortage stimulates the kidney cells to secrete a hormone named erythropoietin into the blood. Erythropoietin stimulates the bone marrow to increase the production of RBCs.
(iii) Calcitriol. Vitamin D exists in two forms: calciferol or D and cholecalciferol or D .
Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin cholecalciferol (D ). It promotes absorption of Ca2+ and phosphorus in the small intestine and accelerates bone formation.
Botulism Botulism is a rapidly fatal motor paralysis. It is caused by ingestion of toxin of Clostridium botulinum in food. Many species of domesticated, wild animals and birds
plz give the classificational chart of animals upto speceis level
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