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KIDNEYS -
Origin. They develop from the mesoderm of the embryo.
The kidneys secrete three hormones: renin, erythropoetin and calcitriol.
(i) Renin. Whenever the rate of ultrafiltration falls, the cells of their juxtaglomerular complex secrete and release into blood a compound named renin.
It acts upon a plasma-protein, angiotensinogen, separating a compound, called angiotensin-II from it.
Angiotensin-ll accelerates heart beat and contract arterioles, thereby increasing blood pressure.
(ii) Erythropoietin. The oxygen shortage stimulates the kidney cells to secrete a hormone named erythropoietin into the blood. Erythropoietin stimulates the bone marrow to increase the production of RBCs.
(iii) Calcitriol. Vitamin D exists in two forms: calciferol or D and cholecalciferol or D .
Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin cholecalciferol (D ). It promotes absorption of Ca2+ and phosphorus in the small intestine and accelerates bone formation.
At the beginning of the process in an animal cell, the partition of the centriole takes place, which has been duplicated during Interphase but were in the same centrosome. Bipol
When the level of AMP is high, this shows the requirement for more ATP synthesis. AMP stimulates PFK increases the rate of glycolysis and inhibits fructose 1 and 6- bisphosphatase
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ARM BONES - Each arm contain 30 bones as : humerus in upper arm, radius ulna in forearm, 8 carples in wrist, 5 metacorples in plam, 14 phalnges in fingers. HUMERU
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Take the prepared slide of Euglena and focus it first under low power and next under the high power of tlie microscope. Observe tlie following characteristics: i) Euglena is an
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