(a) (i) If m = p·q·r where p, q, and r are prime numbers, what is Φ(m)?

(ii) Therefore, Determine Φ(440).

(b) Describe the following terms as used in cryptography:

(i) Avalanche effect
(ii) Stream cipher
(iii) Primitive root
(iv) Confusion
(v) Steganography ((c)

Suppose an elliptic curve encryption/decryption scheme. The cryptosystem parameters are E5(1,6) and G=(2,4). B's secret key is nB=2.

(i) Find B's public key PB.

(ii) A wishes to encrypt the message Pm=(0,2) and selects the random value k=2. Determine the ciphertext Cm.