Effects of null in aggregate operator - sql, PL-SQL Programming

Assignment Help:

Effects of NULL in Aggregate Operator - SQL

Let aggop(x) be an invocation of some aggregate operator aggop in SQL, where x is an expression (usually an open expression) to be evaluated against each row of the table t determined by the context in which the invocation appears. Then aggop considers only those rows that satisfy the condition x IS NOT NULL. It follows that if aggop is EVERY or SOME and x evaluates to TRUE or FALSE for at least one row of t, then the result is either TRUE or FALSE, never UNKNOWN. However, if x evaluates to UNKNOWN for every row of t (which is true in the particular case when t is empty), then SQL's other general rule kicks in, requiring the result to be NULL, which is equivalent to UNKNOWN when it appears in the place of a BOOLEAN value.

That anomaly is to some extent compensated for, when EVERY is used in constraint declarations, by SQL's rule that a constraint is deemed to be satisfied when it evaluates to UNKNOWN. However, (SELECT SOME(TRUE) FROM (tx) AS T) is not reliable as an existence test because it evaluates to UNKNOWN if the result of tx is empty, when a constraint based on that condition would be deemed satisfied. That problem could be addressed by writing COALESCE((SELECT SOME(TRUE) FROM (tx) AS T), FALSE) or, equivalently, (SELECT SOME(TRUE) FROM (tx) AS T) IS TRUE .


Related Discussions:- Effects of null in aggregate operator - sql

Defining autonomous transactions, Defining Autonomous Transactions To ...

Defining Autonomous Transactions To define an autonomous transaction, you use the pragma (compiler directive) AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION. The pragma instructs the PL/SQL compiler

Example of shorthand for a row constraint - sql, Example of Shorthand for a...

Example of Shorthand for a row constraint Example: Shorthand for a row constraint ALTER TABLE EXAM_MARK ADD CONSTRAINT Mark_in_range CHECK (Mark BETWEEN 0 AND 100);

Calculating a Shopper''s Total Spending, Many of the reports generated from...

Many of the reports generated from the system calculate the total dollars in a shopper''s purchases. Follow these steps to create a function named TOT_PURCH_SF that accepts a shopp

Tautology - equivalences rules, Tautology - Equivalences Rules: If the...

Tautology - Equivalences Rules: If there Tautologies are not all the time as much easy to note as the one above so than we can use these truth tables to be definite that a sta

Controlling cursor variables, Controlling Cursor Variables You use 3 s...

Controlling Cursor Variables You use 3 statements to control the cursor variable: OPEN-FOR, FETCH, & CLOSE. At First, you OPEN a cursor variable FOR a multi-row query. Then, y

Fetch statement - syntax, FETCH Statement The FETCH statement retrieve ...

FETCH Statement The FETCH statement retrieve rows of data one at a time from the result set of the multi-row query. The data is stored in fields or variables which correspond t

Subprograms, What Are Subprograms? The Subprograms are named PL/SQL blo...

What Are Subprograms? The Subprograms are named PL/SQL blocks which can take parameters and be invoked. The PL/SQL has 2 types of subprograms known as the procedure s and func

Special cases of projection, Special cases of projection This section ...

Special cases of projection This section describes the identity projection, r {ALL BUT}, and the projection on no attributes, r { }, which yields TABLE_DUM when r is empty, ot

Product-specific packages, Product-specific Packages The Oracle and dif...

Product-specific Packages The Oracle and different Oracle tools are supplied with the product-specific packages which help you to build the PL/SQL-based applications. For illus

Delete command - sql, DELETE Command - SQL Loosely speaking, DELETE re...

DELETE Command - SQL Loosely speaking, DELETE removes some existing rows from its target table. Suppose the university decides that course C3 is to be withdrawn. Example shows

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd