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Effect on Microbial Growth and Activity
Bacteria require higher aw for growth than fungi. Gram-negative bacteria have higher requirements than gram positives. Most spoilage bacteria do not grow below aw 0.91, while spoilage molds can grow as low as 0.80. Food-poisoning bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus can grow at aw as low as 0.86, while Clostridium botulinum does not grow below 0.94. Yeasts and molds can grow over a wider aw range than bacteria. The lowest aw values for bacteria is 0.75 for halophilic bacteria, while xerophilic molds and osmophilic yeasts can grow at aw values of 0.65 and 0.60, respectively. The limiting value of water activity for the growth of microorganisms is about 0.6 and below this value the spoilage of foods is not due to microorganisms but may be due to insect damage or chemical reaction such as oxidation. At a water activity of 0.6, corresponding to a water potential of -68MPa (Mega Pascals), the cytoplasm would need to contain very high concentrations of an appropriate compatible solute and it is probable that the macromolecules such as DNA would no longer function properly and active growth may stop.
Metallurgical coke should have following characteristics: 1. Purity: low amounts of moisture, ash, sulphur & phosphorous should be present. 2. Porosity: it should b
HDLs have the opposite function to that of LDLs in which they deleted cholesterol from the tissues. The HDLs are synthesized in the blood mainly from components derived from the d
The role of ATP hydrolysis in actin polymerization is similar to the role of GTP hydrolysis in tubulin polymerization: both serve to weaken the bounds in the polymer and thereby pr
Name the two hormones produced by the pancreas and say (a) in what circumstances, (b) in what way, they adjust the glucose concentration in the blood.
explane the role of nitrogenase enzyme
Drought Drought refers to a condition of water shortage and it can result from many reasons. Frequently less than the normal rainfall is a common cause of drought. Less than 75
You ran both a body temperature and room temperature test for each enzyme you tested. Did the two temperatures seem to have an effect on the enzyme Exercise? Why or why not?
What are the indications of Cardiac Transplantation ? Indication : Patients in NYHA class IV with heart failure, refractory to medical management caused by end stage corona
Q. How is the yolk sac formed? What is the function of the yolk sac? The yolk sac is formed from the covering of the vitellus by few cells originated from the primitive gut.
Which of the following serves as an effector, or as part of an effector, that functions in a negative feedback system? A. Glycogen Receptors in the plasma membranes of liver ce
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