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Effect on Microbial Growth and Activity
Bacteria require higher aw for growth than fungi. Gram-negative bacteria have higher requirements than gram positives. Most spoilage bacteria do not grow below aw 0.91, while spoilage molds can grow as low as 0.80. Food-poisoning bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus can grow at aw as low as 0.86, while Clostridium botulinum does not grow below 0.94. Yeasts and molds can grow over a wider aw range than bacteria. The lowest aw values for bacteria is 0.75 for halophilic bacteria, while xerophilic molds and osmophilic yeasts can grow at aw values of 0.65 and 0.60, respectively. The limiting value of water activity for the growth of microorganisms is about 0.6 and below this value the spoilage of foods is not due to microorganisms but may be due to insect damage or chemical reaction such as oxidation. At a water activity of 0.6, corresponding to a water potential of -68MPa (Mega Pascals), the cytoplasm would need to contain very high concentrations of an appropriate compatible solute and it is probable that the macromolecules such as DNA would no longer function properly and active growth may stop.
Spinal cord Spinal cord is a long and cylindrical structure. It passes through the vertebral column extending all along the dorsal surface of trunk. Vertebrae of the v
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Two parents who are each known to be carriers of an autosomal recessive allele have four children. None of the children has the recessive condition. What is the probability that
difference between immunity and inflamation
If I take a drug that induced the synthesis of CYP 2E1 in my system, would that raise or lower my blood alcohol level after I drink a beer or wine (compared to if I hadn''t taken t
Trypsin Trypsin is secreted by the pancreas in an inactive form trypsinogen. It is activated by enterokinase secreted by the glands in the intestinal wall. As trypsin is forme
Explain Transfer from Solid Culture to Liquid Media The steps involved in this technique are included herewith: 1. Sterilized inoculating loop or needle is touched carefully
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