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This is extension of the EM algorithm which typically converges more slowly than EM in terms of the iterations but can be much faster in the whole computer time. The general idea of the algorithm is to replace M-step of each EM iteration with the sequence of S >1conditional or constrained maximization or the CM-steps, each of which maximizes the expected complete-data log-likelihood found in the previous E-step subject to constraints on parameter of interest, θ, where the collection of all the constraints is such that the maximization is over the full parameter space of θ. Because the CM maximizations are over the smaller dimensional spaces, many times they are simpler, faster and more reliable than corresponding full maximization known in the M-step of the EM algorithm.
Lagrange Multiplier (LM) test The Null Hypothesis - H0: There is no heteroscedasticity i.e. β 1 = 0 The Alternative Hypothesis - H1: There is heteroscedasticity i.e. β 1
Indirect standardization is the procedure of adjusting the crude mortality or morbidity rate for one or more variables by making use of a known reference population. It may, for in
Described by the leading proponent as 'the conscientious, explicit, and judicious uses of present best evidence in making the decisions about the care of individual patients, and
The Null Hypothesis - H0: γ 1 = γ 2 = ... = 0 i.e. there is no heteroscedasticity in the model The Alternative Hypothesis - H1: at least one of the γ i 's are not equal
Uncertainty analysis is the process for assessing the variability in the outcome variable that is due to the uncertainty in estimating the values of input parameters. A sensitivit
Weighted least squares is the method of estimation in which the estimates arise from minimizing the weighted sum of squares of the differences between response variable and its pr
Outlier is an observation which seems to deviate markedly from the other members of the sample in which it happens. In the set of systolic blood pressures, {125, 128, 130, 131, 19
Non-response is the term generally used for the failure to give the relevant information being collected in the survey. Poor response can be because of the variety of causes, for
Continuous variable : The measurement which is not restricted to the particular values except in so far as this is constrained by the accuracy of measuring instrument. General exam
Prospective study : The studies in which individuals are followed-up over the period of time. A general example of this type of investigation is where the samples of individuals ar
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