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DMA Hardware (8237 DMAC) :
1)Processor contain HOLD/HOLD Acknowledge lines to interact with 8237
o DMAC can achieve control of ISA bus by asserting HOLD
o Processor acknowledges with HLDA
2)DRQ4 services slave controller Priorities are set as fixed
o DRQ0 highest and DRQ7 lowest
o It set at POST
o It can be reprogrammed for rotating priority
3)ISA address/data/control lines are also linked (not shown)
o It can access control registers through ports
o Each channel has a page register associated with
PC Bus and Interrupt System The PC Bus utilized a bus controller, address latches, and data transceivers (bidirectional data buffers). 1) Bus controller : ( Intel 8288 Bus
SEG : Segment of a Label:- The SEG operator is which is used to decide the segment address of the, variable, label or procedure and substitutes the segment base address in plac
Internal Hardware-Interrupts Internal hardware-interrupts are the outcome of sure situations that occur during the execution of a program, for example. Divide by 0. The interru
Open notepad and enter the code for a program that calculates the following arithmetic expression: x = a + b + c - d - e + f The operands a, b, c, d, e, f, and x should be declared
which uses BIOS interrupt INT 21 to read current system time and displays it on the top-left corner of screen.
Assembling a program Microsoft Assembler MASM is one of the simple to use and famous assemblers. All the references and discussions in this section are belonging to the MASM.
#questioexamplesn..
String Manipulation Instruction A series of words or data bytes are available in memory at consecutive locations, to be mention to individually or collectively, are known as by
ASSUME: Assume Logical Segment Name:- The ASSUME directive which is used to inform the assembler, the specified names of the logical segments to be consider for different segme
Flag Manipulation and Processor Control Instructions These instructions control the functioning of available hardware inside the processor chip. These are categorized into thes
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