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There are two dominant forms of building distributed systems: client-server systems, i.e. systems in which one machine acts as a server and act as clients; and peer-to-peer systems, where each host is both a server and a client. Standard web access follows the client-server model, and services such as BitTorrent follow the peer-to-peer model. However, in real life these are not completely distinct; for instance, internally Google applies some of each of these methodologies. Actually, client-server system are sometimes implemented as a chain of clients and servers, even though from the point of view of the client there's only one server.
Another possible building pattern is that in which the client communicates directly with only a server, but in the background its requests are actually processed by a cloud of machines, which actually resembles the way Google works internally. In this case, the cloud of machines implements a system with lots of redundancy (e.g. via a big distributed ?le system). Some of the machines in the cloud hold data, and other machines hold meta-data. When some client requests, for instance, a ?le, the meta-data servers ?rst identify which other machines hold each piece of that ?le. This type of architecture represents the current trend being followed when creating large scale systems. So, in practice, we see that current successful large scale systems are a mix between client-server architectures and peer-to-peer systems, implemented with lots of storage and computational redundancy.
Bridged Ethernet Raises bandwidth by dividing the network into smaller networks allowing concurrent communications Separates collision domains because traffic is lower
Some multiple WAN methods are defined below: ARPANET: It start in 1960's. It was operated by Advanced Research Project Agency, which is a company of US defense department.
LAN HARDWARE AND PACKET FILTERING: The diagram below explain the LAN hardware LAN INTERFACE: LAN interface operates all details of frame reception and transmis
system files
Header length This field specifies the length of the TCP header in 32 bit words. This information allows the receiver to know the beginning of the data area becau
Applications of Fiber Optics - Backbone networks because of wide bandwidth and cost effectiveness - Cable TV - LANS - 100Base-FX (Fast Ethernet)
Compute the shortest path from t to all network nodes.
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Let us firstly illustrate the idea of merging two sorted sequences using a odd-even merging circuit. The functioning of a merging circuit is as follows: 1) Let there be two so
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