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There are two dominant forms of building distributed systems: client-server systems, i.e. systems in which one machine acts as a server and act as clients; and peer-to-peer systems, where each host is both a server and a client. Standard web access follows the client-server model, and services such as BitTorrent follow the peer-to-peer model. However, in real life these are not completely distinct; for instance, internally Google applies some of each of these methodologies. Actually, client-server system are sometimes implemented as a chain of clients and servers, even though from the point of view of the client there's only one server.
Another possible building pattern is that in which the client communicates directly with only a server, but in the background its requests are actually processed by a cloud of machines, which actually resembles the way Google works internally. In this case, the cloud of machines implements a system with lots of redundancy (e.g. via a big distributed ?le system). Some of the machines in the cloud hold data, and other machines hold meta-data. When some client requests, for instance, a ?le, the meta-data servers ?rst identify which other machines hold each piece of that ?le. This type of architecture represents the current trend being followed when creating large scale systems. So, in practice, we see that current successful large scale systems are a mix between client-server architectures and peer-to-peer systems, implemented with lots of storage and computational redundancy.
What do you mean by Beaconing and Auto-Reconfiguration? When a station does not receive a message from its nearest active upstream neighbor, it sends out a warning, otherwise c
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Write the layer on which layer does L2F, PPTP and L2TP operate?
Multistation Access Unit (MAU) Combines individual automatic switches May perhaps daisy chain to support more stations
Q. Explain TCP-IP Routing Architecture? The TCP/IP routing architecture looks extremely much like the OSI routing architecture. Hosts utilize a discovery protocol to o
Router#
Question The circuit in the figure is driven by a 9 mV amplitude signal generator with an output impedance of 2 kW. What is the output voltage amplitude from the circuit in the
FDDI Media Class B or SAS (single-attachment stations) attach to one ring Class A or DAS (dual attachment stations) attach to both rings. SASs is attached to the primary rin
Two broad classes of middleware are a) General middleware b) Service-specific middleware.
ICMP is used to send error and control messages. Ping uses ICMP to carry the echo-request and echo-reply.
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