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There are two dominant forms of building distributed systems: client-server systems, i.e. systems in which one machine acts as a server and act as clients; and peer-to-peer systems, where each host is both a server and a client. Standard web access follows the client-server model, and services such as BitTorrent follow the peer-to-peer model. However, in real life these are not completely distinct; for instance, internally Google applies some of each of these methodologies. Actually, client-server system are sometimes implemented as a chain of clients and servers, even though from the point of view of the client there's only one server.
Another possible building pattern is that in which the client communicates directly with only a server, but in the background its requests are actually processed by a cloud of machines, which actually resembles the way Google works internally. In this case, the cloud of machines implements a system with lots of redundancy (e.g. via a big distributed ?le system). Some of the machines in the cloud hold data, and other machines hold meta-data. When some client requests, for instance, a ?le, the meta-data servers ?rst identify which other machines hold each piece of that ?le. This type of architecture represents the current trend being followed when creating large scale systems. So, in practice, we see that current successful large scale systems are a mix between client-server architectures and peer-to-peer systems, implemented with lots of storage and computational redundancy.
Q. Modem stands for modulator - demodulator ? - Modulator are to creates an analog signal from binary data - Demodulator are to recovers the binary data from the modulated s
categories of LAN
A fairly renowned approach in this area is OpenMP, a recently developed industry standard for shared memory programming on architectures with uniform memory access characteristics.
DVMRP • Distance vector multicast routing protocol: Distance vector multicast routing protocol are abbreviated as DVMRP. These protocols are suitable for small networks which
study on FTP
The Internet Layer The internet layer is responsible for routing the data packets to the appropriate destination. Internet protocol (IP) is responsible for ensuring dat
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Which layer is responsible for negotiating data transfer syntax? Ans) The Presentation layer does the following: Manages data representation conversions, or data transfer syntax
Encoding data options PVM uses SUN's XDR library to generate a machine independent data format if you request it. Settings for the encoding option are: PvmDataDefault: Use X
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