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Q.1 Briefly discuss the different layers of ANSI SPARC architecture.
Ans: The three layers of ANSI SPARC architecture are like this:
1. Internal view is at the lowest level of abstraction, closest to the physical storage method employed. It points out how the data will be stored and explains the data structures and access methods to be employed by the database. There is one internal view for the whole database.
2. Global or Conceptual View: At this level of abstraction all the database entities and the relationships between them are included. There is one conceptual view for the whole database.
3. External or User View: The external or user view is at the highest level of database abstraction in which just only those portions of the database concern to a user or application programme are involved. Some external or user views may exist for a specified global or conceptual view.
Record based Logical Models: Use records as the key data representation components Examples: Relational Model: It shows data as well as relationship between data in the form
Define granularity, hierarchy of granularity of locks & multiple granularity locking. Explain the modified two phase locking along with multiple granularity locking. Ans: The s
We face problem of stock Opening balance and closing balance in Minus
Dependency Preservation It is obvious that the decomposition must be lossless so that we do not lose any information from the relation that is decomposed. Dependency preservati
Forward Recovery (Redo): In this system the committed changes made by a transaction are reapplied to a previous copy of the database. In simpler
What is a view? A view is a logical view on one or more tables. A view on one or more tables i.e., the data from a view is not actually physically kept instead being derived f
Whenever the LIMIT clause will be used? LIMIT is used for the following kinds of problems: 1) Answering questions about first or last and largest or smallest 2) Splitting
Give an example of multiple inheritance. One example of multiple inheritance is a committee for students affair which include faculty and administrative staff member.
Explain the term- signal-to-noise ratio A signal-to-noise ratio of 20 dB means that S/N = 100. As log2101 is around 6.658, the Shannon limit is around 19.975 kbps. The Nyquist
Create centralized relational database using Top down method- Construction of Logical Model: Translation EERD into Relational Schema: Use the 8 steps algorithm of converting EERD
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