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Q.1 Briefly discuss the different layers of ANSI SPARC architecture.
Ans: The three layers of ANSI SPARC architecture are like this:
1. Internal view is at the lowest level of abstraction, closest to the physical storage method employed. It points out how the data will be stored and explains the data structures and access methods to be employed by the database. There is one internal view for the whole database.
2. Global or Conceptual View: At this level of abstraction all the database entities and the relationships between them are included. There is one conceptual view for the whole database.
3. External or User View: The external or user view is at the highest level of database abstraction in which just only those portions of the database concern to a user or application programme are involved. Some external or user views may exist for a specified global or conceptual view.
Aggregate functions Some of these functions are min, count, max, and avg. These functions help in getting consolidated information from a set of tuples. Example:
What is a PROJECT operation? The project operation is a unary operation that returns its argument relation with particular attributes left out. Projection is shown by pie (π).
what is lossless & dependency preserving decomposition ?
Design a generalization–specialization hierarchy for a motor-vehicle sales company. The company sells motorcycles, passenger cars, vans, and buses. Justify your placement of attrib
What are the two types of serializability? The two types of serializability is a) Conflict serializability b) View serializability
Identification of concurrency Identification of concurrency: Dynamic model identifies concurrency. Two objects are said to be parallel (concurrent) if they can receive events a
Question: (a) Why is it important to know the architecture rather than to start requirement capture when designing a large scale system? (b) Who are the different people in
How is Oracle used in PL/SQL? Define the features of process and how they are defined? PL/SQL - PL/SQL is Oracle's procedural language (PL) superset of the Structured
Define the Third Normal Form: The third normal form (3NF) is a normal form employed in database normalization. 3NF was initially defined by E.F. Codd in 1971. Codd's definitio
A View may be defined of as a virtual table, that is, a table that does not really exist in its own right but is instead inferred from one or more underlying base data table. T
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