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Q.1 Briefly discuss the different layers of ANSI SPARC architecture.
Ans: The three layers of ANSI SPARC architecture are like this:
1. Internal view is at the lowest level of abstraction, closest to the physical storage method employed. It points out how the data will be stored and explains the data structures and access methods to be employed by the database. There is one internal view for the whole database.
2. Global or Conceptual View: At this level of abstraction all the database entities and the relationships between them are included. There is one conceptual view for the whole database.
3. External or User View: The external or user view is at the highest level of database abstraction in which just only those portions of the database concern to a user or application programme are involved. Some external or user views may exist for a specified global or conceptual view.
Making Common Behaviour Abstract Let us define abstraction "Abstraction means to focus on the necessary, inherent aspects of an entity and ignoring its accidental features". O
Rearrange the Execution Order for Efficiency Rearranging execution order for efficiency means executing such job that requires less execution time. By rearranging the object
Primary index A primary index is a file that has a sorted series of records having two columns: a block address for that key field in the data file; and the ordering key field.
What are the advantages of DBMS ? 1. Centralized Management and Control - One of the major advantages of using a database system is in which the organization could exert, thr
Concatenation operator Example : Printing name and job as one string as column name employees: SELECT ENAME||JOB "EMPLOYEES" FROM EMP;
why data in an RDMS need to be normalised
Q. Explain the terms key constraints participation constraints and mapping caradinalities in ER model. Participation Constraints : The participation of an entity set E i
The File Based System File based systems are an early attempt to computerise the manual filing system. For example, a manual file can be set up to hold all the correspondence r
It is mandatory that for every table in the LDB hierarchy there should exist one GET statement in the report. False. It is not essential.
The Database Approach In order to overcome the limits of a file system, a new approach was needed. Hence a database approach emerged. A database is a persistent collection of
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