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Q.1 Briefly discuss the different layers of ANSI SPARC architecture.
Ans: The three layers of ANSI SPARC architecture are like this:
1. Internal view is at the lowest level of abstraction, closest to the physical storage method employed. It points out how the data will be stored and explains the data structures and access methods to be employed by the database. There is one internal view for the whole database.
2. Global or Conceptual View: At this level of abstraction all the database entities and the relationships between them are included. There is one conceptual view for the whole database.
3. External or User View: The external or user view is at the highest level of database abstraction in which just only those portions of the database concern to a user or application programme are involved. Some external or user views may exist for a specified global or conceptual view.
Problem: You are given the following schema 1. Flights(flno, from, to, distance) 2. Aircraft(aid, flno, aname, cruisingRange) 3. Certified(eid, aid) 4. Employees(eid, ena
explain normalization,and give the examples 1NF,2NF,3NF,BCNF.AND FUNCTIONAL DEPANDENACY AND DECOMPOSITION TECHNIQUES.
Client Server Databases- The concept behind the Client/Server systems is simultaneous, cooperative processing. It is an approach that presents a one systems view from a user's vie
Database Manager It is the interface among low-level data, queries and application programs. Databases typically need a large amount of storage space. It is kept on disks, as
ADVANCE OBJECT DESIGN Introduction Analysis is the initial step of the OMT methodology. It is apprehensive with devising a precise, concise, correct and understandable mo
Write short notes on tuple relational calculus. The tuple relational calculation is anon procedural query language. It defines the desired information without giving a particul
Explain the function of input controls. Identify four types of input control and explain the function of each. Provide an example of a data integrity error that could occur i
how draw er diagram
in an organization several projects are undertaken. Each project can employ one or more employees. Each employee can work on one or more projects. Each project is undertaken on the
Shared lock or Read Lock It is requested by a transaction that needs to just read the value of data item. A shared lock on a data item does not permit an exclusive lock
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