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Q.1 Briefly discuss the different layers of ANSI SPARC architecture.
Ans: The three layers of ANSI SPARC architecture are like this:
1. Internal view is at the lowest level of abstraction, closest to the physical storage method employed. It points out how the data will be stored and explains the data structures and access methods to be employed by the database. There is one internal view for the whole database.
2. Global or Conceptual View: At this level of abstraction all the database entities and the relationships between them are included. There is one conceptual view for the whole database.
3. External or User View: The external or user view is at the highest level of database abstraction in which just only those portions of the database concern to a user or application programme are involved. Some external or user views may exist for a specified global or conceptual view.
Failures and Recovery In practice various things might occur to prevent a transaction from completing. Recovery methods are used to bring database, which does not satisfy consi
Example -Find the employee name, salary, department number and average salary of his/her department, for those employees whose salary is more than the average salary of that depart
What are the storage types? The storage types are: a) Volatile storage b) Nonvolatile storage
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Timestamps For Read operations: If TS (T) If TS (T) >= W-timestamp (Q), then the transaction T is trying to read a value of data item Q which has been written and committed
Explain the terms primary key, candidate key, alternate key and secondary key. In the given table identify every key? STUDENT(SID,Regno, Name, City) Primary Key: The prim
Give the forms of triggers? The triggering event can be insert or delete. For updated the trigger can state columns. The referencing old row as clause The referencing
The dataset " CFOLYMPICS.XLS " contains the observations used in the above article. The definitions of the variables are also included in this spreadsheet. However, for the purpo
1. Staff (staffID --> availabilityID) 2. Services (servicesID --> itemBasedID --> timedBasedID) 3. TimedBased (timedbasedID--> priceid) 4. Clients (clientId, serviceId-->
Write short note on Data models? Data models: A data model is an abstract model which elaborates how data is represented and accessed. The term data model has two commonly ac
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