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Q.1 Briefly discuss the different layers of ANSI SPARC architecture.
Ans: The three layers of ANSI SPARC architecture are like this:
1. Internal view is at the lowest level of abstraction, closest to the physical storage method employed. It points out how the data will be stored and explains the data structures and access methods to be employed by the database. There is one internal view for the whole database.
2. Global or Conceptual View: At this level of abstraction all the database entities and the relationships between them are included. There is one conceptual view for the whole database.
3. External or User View: The external or user view is at the highest level of database abstraction in which just only those portions of the database concern to a user or application programme are involved. Some external or user views may exist for a specified global or conceptual view.
Give an example of Object Representation For illustration, consider the implementation of a social security number within an employee object that is shown in Figure. The soci
What are the aggregate objects in the data dictionary? Views Match codes Lock objects.
Failure Controlling Methods: Failures can be handled using different recovery methods that are talk about later in the unit. But the first question is doing we really require recov
Explain the Cartesian product: The Cartesian product operation does not need relations to union-compatible. The meaning of this is that the involved relations may have dissim
Define Assertions in SQL a. An assertion is a predicate that is expressing a condition we wish the database to always satisfy. b. Domain constraints, functional dependency
Representing complex relationship among data A database may contain varieties of data interrelated to each other in numerous ways. A DBMS must have the capability to represent
explain multi key file organisation
What is a relationship called when it is maintained between two entities? A relationship is called Binary relationship when it is maintained between two entities.
Why containment is important in oosystems? Containment is an significant concept in oosystems because it allows dissimilar users to view data at different granularities.
Explain the Role of a database administrator a. Defining the Schema The DBA describes the schema which consists of the structure of the data in the application. The DBA
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