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Direct Organization:
Besides the relative or indexed organization, also a direct access file can be designed to have what is termed as direct organization. In this organization, the data records are stored or "accessed" by using a scheme of converting the record into the disk address to which the record is placed. Therefore, no index table as in the case of an indexed file is essential.
Encryption and Decryption
OPEN STATEMENT: Whenever a READ or a WRITE operation is executed on a file, then it should be open. The opening of a file may be completed with the help of the OPEN verb. With
File- Section &Working-Storage Section: a) FILE SECTION: The FILE SECTION includes the explanation of all data items that must be read from or written onto some external
FILE CHARACTERISTICS: The task of file handling is the responsibility of the system software termed as IOCS (Input-Output control system). Record Size: We know that th
GO TO, STOP RUN: The GO TO verb is used to completely transfer the control to elsewhere in the program. Its form is as shown below: GO TO procedure-name As a result o
RELATIONAL CONDITION: We know that a relational condition specifies a comparison between two operands and has the form. Operand-1 relational-operator operand-2
Comparison of Nonnumeric Operands: A nonnumeric operand can be compared to the other nonnumeric operand according to the rules as shown below: (i) Fields of Equal Sizes:
Literals: The actual values can too appear in a program. These values are termed as literals. For illustration, the statement MOVE 0 TO TOTAL indicates that the value zero wil
Picture Clause: The picture clause explains the general characteristics of an elementary data item. These characteristics are elaborated below: Class: In COBOL the
CLOSE statement: The simplified syntax of the CLOSE statement is as shown below: CLOSE file-name-1 [WITH LOCK ] [ , file-
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