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Direct Organization:
Besides the relative or indexed organization, also a direct access file can be designed to have what is termed as direct organization. In this organization, the data records are stored or "accessed" by using a scheme of converting the record into the disk address to which the record is placed. Therefore, no index table as in the case of an indexed file is essential.
LABEL RECORD CLAUSE: This clause specifies whether or not the standard header and trailer labels must be present in the magnetic-tape files. VALUE OF CLAUSE: The VAL
RULES FOR OCCURS CLAUSE: The rules apply for the OCCURS clause and the subscripts are as shown below. (1) The integer in the OCCURS clause should be a positive integer.
IF ... ELSE STATEMENT: We are familiar with an easy form of the IF statement. The common form of the IF statement is as shown below: Each of the statement-1 and statem
NONSTANDARD CLAUSES: The various clauses explained above are as per the ANSI standard. Also, most compilers provide for additional nonstandard clauses to meet the specific nec
Data types available in COBOL are given below Alpha-numeric (X), numeric (9), alphabetic (A)
PROGRAM FOR PERFORM - THRU: We have to write a program to elaborate PERFORM ...THRU statement Identification division. Program- id. Perfthru. Environment division.
ADD and SUBTRACT CORRESPONDING: The CORRESPONDING option can also used with the ADD and SUBTRACT verbs. The following are some of the formats of these verbs with the CORRESPON
Buffers: The Modern computers are able of handling I-O operations independent of the CPU by means of the hardware termed as data channel. For illustration, if two buffers a
Name the divisions in a COBOL program are given below DENTIFICATION DIVISION DATA DIVISION ENVIRONMENT DIVISION PROCEDURE DIVISION.
Illustration of Divide verb: (a) DIVIDE 5 INTO A. If the value of A is 20, then after execution of this statement the value of A will be 4. The older value of A will be los
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