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Direct Organization:
Besides the relative or indexed organization, also a direct access file can be designed to have what is termed as direct organization. In this organization, the data records are stored or "accessed" by using a scheme of converting the record into the disk address to which the record is placed. Therefore, no index table as in the case of an indexed file is essential.
File Activity: The file activity is a measure of the proportion of records processed during an update run. Therefore we define the activity ration as shown below. Activi
Example of Sign condition: The illustration below describes the use of the sign condition. Illustration: 77 BALANCE PIC S9 (6) V99. . . I
Environment Division: The Environment Division is the second division in the COBOL source program. It is mainly machine-dependent . The computer and all the peripheral dev
READ STATEMENTS: The common format for the read statements is as shown bellow. Format 1: READ file-name RECORD [ INTO identifier ] [ ; AT END imperative-s
DELETE STATEMENT : The file should be opened in the I-O mode. If the access is SEQUENTIAL, the INVALID KEY phrase must be specified. Rather than, the last input-output state
Example of If- else statement Illustration: IF QUANTITY IS NUMERIC AND QUANTITY IS POSITIVE MOVE ZERO TO ERROR-CODE. COMPUTE SALES VALUE=QUANTITY*RATE
Size: The number of characters or digits needed to store the data item in the memory in termed as the Size of the data item. All the 4 general characteristics explained can
Column and Field in COBOL program: In COBOL there are 2 types of entries termed as margin A and margin B entries. The Margin A entries start from the column 8, 9, 10 or 11 and
SEQUENTIAL FILE CREATION AND REWRITING: We have to write a program to create a student file with just two fields: sno i.e. Student Number and same i.e. Student Name. Add a few
SEQUENTIAL FILES: The purpose of the proposed section is to introduce the concepts such as File characteristics, File Description for Fixed-Length Records, File-Control
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