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Direct Organization:
Besides the relative or indexed organization, also a direct access file can be designed to have what is termed as direct organization. In this organization, the data records are stored or "accessed" by using a scheme of converting the record into the disk address to which the record is placed. Therefore, no index table as in the case of an indexed file is essential.
Examples - Edit characters for numeric data: The following illustration illustrates the use of Z editing characters. The character b is used to indicate the space character an
INPUT AND OUTPUT PROCEDURE IN SORT STATEMENT: The common format of the SORT statement can write as shown below: The format of the RELEASE statement is as shown be
Example of Open statement: Illustration: The OPEN INPUT TRANSACTION, OLD-MASTER OUTPUT NEW-MASTER. The illustration represents that there are two input files named the
NONSTANDARD CLAUSES: The various clauses explained above are as per the ANSI standard. Also, most compilers provide for additional nonstandard clauses to meet the specific nec
RESERVE clause: This clause indicates the number of buffers to be used for the file. Integer-1 specifies this number. ORGANIZATION/ACCESS clause: These two clause
FILE UPDATION: The method of modifying an old file with present information is termed as file updating. Master file: A master file is a file which is used as an author
RULES OF REDEFINES CLAUSE The rules shown below govern the use of the REDEFINES clause: (i) The level-number of data-name-1 and data-name-2 should be identical. (ii) Exce
Picture Clause: The picture clause explains the general characteristics of an elementary data item. These characteristics are elaborated below: Class: In COBOL the
Selection of file Organization: While designing a file, the programmer should select an appropriate association for a file. The order in which the choice is to be made is as s
RULES OF MOVE VERB: The Data movement is managed by the rules which are as shown below: (a) The contents of the identifier - 1 or the value of the literal - 1 is moved to
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