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Direct Organization:
Besides the relative or indexed organization, also a direct access file can be designed to have what is termed as direct organization. In this organization, the data records are stored or "accessed" by using a scheme of converting the record into the disk address to which the record is placed. Therefore, no index table as in the case of an indexed file is essential.
File- Section &Working-Storage Section: a) FILE SECTION: The FILE SECTION includes the explanation of all data items that must be read from or written onto some external
NEGATED SIMPLE CONDITION: Any of the easy condition explained can be preceded by the logical operator NOT. The consequence of placing the operator NOT before an easy condition
CLOSE statement: The simplified syntax of the CLOSE statement is as shown below: CLOSE file-name-1 [WITH LOCK ] [ , file-
CLASS CONDITION: The class condition establishes whether or not the value of the operand is numeric or alphabetic. The operand is numeric if it contains only the digits 0 t
BLANK WHEN ZERO: BLANK WHEN ZERO is an editing clause that may be used along with a picture. This will set the whole data item to blanks of its value is equal to zero. Though,
Picture Clause: The picture clause explains the general characteristics of an elementary data item. These characteristics are elaborated below: Class: In COBOL the
MERGE VERB WITH OUTPUT PROCEDURE: Like the sort verb, the merge verb can also have an output procedure. The syntax of the MERGE verb is as shown below: The r
Rules for apply for the condition name: The rules below apply for the condition name. (i) The Condition names should be explained at level 88. The level number starts in ma
ADD VERB: The ADD Verb can be used to find the sum of two or more numbers and to store the sum. The ADD verb takes any one of the two forms as shown below:
SEARCH VERB: The SEARCH verb is used to position elements in one-dimensional tables. Let us consider the following problem. Assume that each element of a table consists of thr
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