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Direct Organization:
Besides the relative or indexed organization, also a direct access file can be designed to have what is termed as direct organization. In this organization, the data records are stored or "accessed" by using a scheme of converting the record into the disk address to which the record is placed. Therefore, no index table as in the case of an indexed file is essential.
NEGATED SIMPLE CONDITION: Any of the easy condition explained can be preceded by the logical operator NOT. The consequence of placing the operator NOT before an easy condition
IF ... ELSE STATEMENT: We are familiar with an easy form of the IF statement. The common form of the IF statement is as shown below: Each of the statement-1 and statem
SPECIAL-NAMES: This paragraph is used to associate some hardware names to the user-specified mnemonic names. This paragraph is elective in all compilers. The format of this pa
There are some restrictions when these procedures are used. (i) The Procedure should not contain any SORT/MERGE statement. (ii) An explicit transfer of the control outside
STATEMENTS FOR SEQUENTIAL FILES: A basic operation on a file includes the reading and writing of its records. Whenever the file is sequential, there are three verbs for the
Block Size: The normal practice is to group a number of consecutive records to form that is termed as a block or a physical record. The number of records in a block is frequen
FILE-CONTROL paragraph for the relative files: The normal format for the SELECT clause for a relative file is as shown below. SELECT file-name ASSIGN TO implementor-nam
calculate simple interest
FILE-CONTROL: The FILE-CONTROL paragraph names each and every file and identifies the first medium through file control entries. The basic format of a file control entry is gi
Write a COBOL IF sentence to use the values of numeric variables EXAM and COURSEWORK , both assumed to be with format PIC 999 and in the range 0 to 100 and to move the value:
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