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Direct Organization:
Besides the relative or indexed organization, also a direct access file can be designed to have what is termed as direct organization. In this organization, the data records are stored or "accessed" by using a scheme of converting the record into the disk address to which the record is placed. Therefore, no index table as in the case of an indexed file is essential.
Point Location: The position of the decimal point is the other characteristic which can be specified in the case of the numeric data items. If the position is not specified, t
Example of Open statement: Illustration: The OPEN INPUT TRANSACTION, OLD-MASTER OUTPUT NEW-MASTER. The illustration represents that there are two input files named the
DATA RECORD CLAUSE: The DATA RECORD clause, documents the record names defined for the file. For illustration, DATA RECORDS ARE REC-1, REC-2, REC-3 that means there are 3diffe
REWRITE STATEMENT: As in the situation of a relative file, the REWRITE statement needs that the file should be opened in the I-O mode, and if the SEQENTIAL access mode is spec
B (Blank Insertion) : The occurrence of a B anyplace in the picture will insert a space character in the edited data. There can be more than one B in the picture. Examples:
Rules for constructing an Arithmetic Expression: The rules for constructing an arithmetic expression are as shown below: (i) When an arithmetic expression specifies a calcu
Example of Level numbers - cobol programming: To explain the hierarchical structure introduced above, the concept of the level number is employed in COBOL. The most broad
Examples - Edit characters for numeric data: The following illustration illustrates the use of Z editing characters. The character b is used to indicate the space character an
Transaction file : A transaction file is a file which contains new records those changes to old records which are used to update the master file. The problem of file updatio
OCCURS CLAUSE - PROGRAM: We have to write a program to elaborate occurs clause. Get names and marks of the students and show them on the screen. identification division.
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