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Direct Organization:
Besides the relative or indexed organization, also a direct access file can be designed to have what is termed as direct organization. In this organization, the data records are stored or "accessed" by using a scheme of converting the record into the disk address to which the record is placed. Therefore, no index table as in the case of an indexed file is essential.
Plus Sign - edit characters for numeric data: + (Plus Sign) : A plus sign is alike to minus sign except that when the item is positive, +sign will be inserted rather th
RENAMES CLAUSE: At times re-grouping of an elementary data items in a record may be essential so that they can belong to the original as well as to the latest group. This is o
Example of Perform statement: PERFORM BEGIN-CALCULATION THRU END-CALCULATION. Assume, BEGIN-CALCULATION and END-CALCULTION is paragraph names. The execution of the PERFORM
Example of condition names: The illustration below is of the use of the condition names 77 MARITAL-STATUS PIC 9 88 SINGLE VALUE IS ZERO 88 MA
ADD VERB: The ADD Verb can be used to find the sum of two or more numbers and to store the sum. The ADD verb takes any one of the two forms as shown below:
Valid and Invalid Word - Cobol words: Valid Word Invalid Word & Reason emp-sal -pay ( it starts with a hyphen) TOTAL MARK (blank space em
Comparison of the Numeric Operand with Nonnumeric Operand: The numeric operand can be compared to the nonnumeric operand subject to the restrictions which are as follows.
STATEMENTS FOR SEQUENTIAL FILES: A basic operation on a file includes the reading and writing of its records. Whenever the file is sequential, there are three verbs for the
PERFORM WITH TIMES OPTION: The format of a PERFORM TIMES statement is as shown below: Illustration: A) Perform the para-2 5 times. In this situation the specifie
Selection of file Organization: While designing a file, the programmer should select an appropriate association for a file. The order in which the choice is to be made is as s
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