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Direct Organization:
Besides the relative or indexed organization, also a direct access file can be designed to have what is termed as direct organization. In this organization, the data records are stored or "accessed" by using a scheme of converting the record into the disk address to which the record is placed. Therefore, no index table as in the case of an indexed file is essential.
OPEN statement: We know that the processing of a file should start with the execution of an OPEN statement. The file can be opened in any one of the 4 open modes - INPUT, OUTP
GIVING file-name-5. The input files to be merged through the MERGE statements which are specified in the USING phrase. These files should be sequential files and should be
Example of read statement: Illustration: READ OLD-MASTER AT END MOVE ZERO TO END-OF-RECORDS. As a result of this statement, generally the next record from the OLD-MAST
READ STATEMENTS: The common format for the read statements is as shown bellow. Format 1: READ file-name RECORD [ INTO identifier ] [ ; AT END imperative-s
scope of marginal costing
LABEL RECORD CLAUSE: This clause specifies whether or not the standard header and trailer labels must be present in the magnetic-tape files. VALUE OF CLAUSE: The VAL
Common form of the READ statements: Format 1 is the common form of the READ statements. Format 2 is used when the access mode is either random or dynamic. For illustration,
PICTURE specification: The size of a group item is equivalent to the total of the sizes of all the subordinate elementary items. The group item class is alphanumeric. The i
ON SIZE ERROR OPTION: Whenever a size error occurs, the contents of the result field after the operation is unpredictable. Though, the processing is not-terminated and the co
VALUE CLAUSE: The value clause defines the preliminary value of the data item. Normally initialization will be completed just before the first statement in the procedure di
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