Differences between prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells, Biology

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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC & EUKARYOTIC CELLS

S.No.

CHARACTERS

PROKARYOTIC CELL

EUKARYOTIC CELL

Nuclear Membrane

Nuclear membrane absent (Prok. are single

membranous system)

Nuclear membrane present (Euk. are double

enveloped system

Nucleus

Well organised nucleus absent, thus nuclear material is called as Incipient nucleus/prokaryon/Genophore/nucleoid etc.

Nucleus well organized

Cell organnelles

Membranous cell organelles are absent (Mitochondria, plastids, E.R., golgibody, Microbody)

Membranous cell organelles are present. (Plastids only in plants)

Ribosome

70-S type

80-S type and 70-S (Mito. & chloroplast)

Cell wall

Present (made by peptidoglycan / Murein /

Muramic acid / Mucopeptide

Present inn plant cells only (made by

cellulose or chitin)

Resp. Enzymes

Present in mesosomes mainly or in cell membrane

Found in cytoplasm and mitochondria

Flagella

Flagella are single stranded, made up of flagellin protei

Flagella are eleven stranded, made up of tubulin protein (9+2 arrangement)

Photosynthesis

Takes place in thylakoids or lamellaes or chlorosomes in BGA (in bacteria chromatophores)

Chloroplast

Cyclosis

Cytoplasmic streaming absent

Present

Chromosomes

Naked or folded genome made by only circular-ds DNA (C-C type) (Histone protein absent)

True chromosomes & more than one

(Histone asso. with DNA) (DNA A-T type)

Cell division

Amitosis only

Mitosis & meiosis (R.D.) mainly

Ploidy level

Consider as haploid

Haploid, Diploid, Polyploid

Sexuality

Sexuality or true sexual reproduction absent in prokaryotic cell [In bacteria genetic- recombination or parasexual reproduction by conjugation transduction & transform)

Sexuality or sexual reproduction present (Meiosis, gamete formation & true fertilization occurs)

Vacuoles

Absent but gas vacuole may present

Present as sap vacuoles in plant cell.

Protein Synthesis

Takes place in cytoplasm

Transcription in nucleus & translation in cytoplasm on ribosome

Examples :-

Bacteria, Cyanobacteria (BGA) Mycoplasma (PPLO), ricketsias, Actinomycetes

All plant & animal cells including human cells.

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