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a) Gross profit shows the difference between a firm's sales revenues and its direct cost of sales (COGS). Net profit, however, is calculated after deducting overheads (expenses) from the gross profit figure, i.e. it considers both indirect and direct costs in the calculation of profit. Gross profits will, therefore, always be greater than Net profits.
b) Note: SL students are not expected to use the Earnings Per Share ratio in this question.
Ratio
Firm
Commentary
GPM
Pia
Gross profit has fallen by 20% (from GPM of 50% to 40%).
Hayman
Gross profit has fallen by just 10% (from GPM of 50% to 45%); therefore Hayman has performed better in terms of its ability to control COGS.
NPM
NPM is stable at 20% but this means with a reduced GPM that overhead control is improving; overhead accounted for a 30% differential (comparing GPM and NPM) but only 20% by the Year 3.
NPM has improved by 5.2% and is quite stable. Hayman's ability to control overheads has also improved but Pia performed better.
ROCE
Fall in ROCE of 6.7% but the rate is still quite attractive at 14% return.
Improved by 25% thereby seems very attractive if performance can be maintained. Hayman's ROCE overtakes that of Pia in 3rd year and seems attractive at 15% return.
Quick ratio
High acid test ratio in Years 1 and 2; seems to have improved with the ratio falling to 1.5 (although we have no information about the type of industry that Pia operates in).
Fluctuating acid test ratio that is close to the minimum recommended of 1:1 so liquidity issues at Hayman could be a concern for some investors.
EPS (HL)
Improving EPS ratio will tend to attract investors (Pia's EPS has increased by 40% in the given time period).
Declining EPS ratio may drive away investors in the long term, especially since the EPS has fallen by 33%.
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