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Q. Describe the Morphological Characteristics?
One of the first steps in the identification of bacteria in food is microscopic examination to ascertain the shape, size, aggregation, structure and staining reactions of the bacteria present. The following characteristics may be of special significance:
Encapsulation: The presence of capsules or slime may account for sliminess or ropiness of a food. Most capsules are polysaccharides of dextrin; dextran or levan and they serve as a source of reserve nutrients and increase the resistance of bacteria under adverse conditions.
Formation of Endospores: Bacteria of genera Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporosarcina etc have the ability to form endospores. Endospores are formed at an intracellular site and are resistant to heat, ultraviolet light and desiccation. Lysis of the vegetative cell releases the free endospore, which may remain dormant with no detectable metabolism for years. Sporulation usually appears in the late logarithmic phase of growth, possibly because of nutrient depletion or product accumulation. The acquisition of heat resistance is closely related to the formation of dipicolinic acid and the Ca2+ uptake. Germination is favoured by conditions that are favourable for growth.
Formation of Cell Aggregates: It is characteristic of some bacteria to form long chains or of others to clump under certain conditions. It is more difficult to kill all bacteria in intertwined chains or sizable clumps than to destroy separate cells.
Define the intracellular cyclic AMP Healthy Person P takes a drug that makes a strong effect on the epithelial cells of the kidney collecting duct within one hour and lasts fo
Cortex can be described as follows 1) The outer part of the organ, such as, the adrenal cortex, which produces many steroidhormones; 2) in plants, the area of the stem or root
Q. How does the CD4 counting act to monitor the HIV infection? What is another laboratory method to follow up the disease? The CD4 counting test is complete from a blood sample
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Define Reagents for Estimation of Calcium Using EDTA Titrimetric Method? 1. Buffer solution: Dissolve 16.9 g NH 4 CI in 143 ml NH 4 OH. To this add 50 ml of solution containing
Discuss the various types of techniques used in forensic biology past and present.
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Aspect of Tolerance and Dependence: Drug-abusers are said to be psychologically dependent upon certain drugs. Drugs also induce clear physical dependence in the chronic users.
Q. What are the types of antigenic agents that may constitute vaccines? Vaccines can be constituted of dead agents of disease, of inactivated toxins, of inactivated agents of d
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