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Q. Describe the Morphological Characteristics?
One of the first steps in the identification of bacteria in food is microscopic examination to ascertain the shape, size, aggregation, structure and staining reactions of the bacteria present. The following characteristics may be of special significance:
Encapsulation: The presence of capsules or slime may account for sliminess or ropiness of a food. Most capsules are polysaccharides of dextrin; dextran or levan and they serve as a source of reserve nutrients and increase the resistance of bacteria under adverse conditions.
Formation of Endospores: Bacteria of genera Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporosarcina etc have the ability to form endospores. Endospores are formed at an intracellular site and are resistant to heat, ultraviolet light and desiccation. Lysis of the vegetative cell releases the free endospore, which may remain dormant with no detectable metabolism for years. Sporulation usually appears in the late logarithmic phase of growth, possibly because of nutrient depletion or product accumulation. The acquisition of heat resistance is closely related to the formation of dipicolinic acid and the Ca2+ uptake. Germination is favoured by conditions that are favourable for growth.
Formation of Cell Aggregates: It is characteristic of some bacteria to form long chains or of others to clump under certain conditions. It is more difficult to kill all bacteria in intertwined chains or sizable clumps than to destroy separate cells.
Use of micro-organisms to control insect pests, pathogens or weeds constitutes biological control, and the biological agents employed are called biocontrol agents. Micro-organis
What is the valve that separates? What is its function? The valve that divides the stomach from the duodenum is the pylorus. It has the function of keeping the food bolus within
How is lymph propelled through the lymphatics? Some of the larger lymphatics are capable to contract, or else the lymph is propelled by body muscles which contract and 'squash'
At 1 AM, a researcher places a healthy squid giant axon in a bath of normal squid physiological extracellular saline and internally perfuses the axon with normal squid intracellula
FOSSILIS A TIO N - The organisms are preserved and fossilized when they are buried in the ice, in an oil rich soil, in the lava of volcano, in swamps, in desiccated deser
Q. How different are the swimming strategies in chondrichthyes and in osteichthyes? Why do sharks need to agitate their body to swim while bony fishes do not? Bony fishes have
Operative requirements for stage i surgery Although Implant placement under general anesthesia must be done in an operating theatre with complete resources, most implant surger
Synthesis of Polyamine As the name of this class of compounds suggests, polyamines have several amino groups replacing hydrogen usually in alkyl chain e.g., putrescine is 1, 4
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In many countries of Asia biomass contributes l argely as a source of primary energy. People in rural areas at the peripheries of forests, continue to collect fuel wood from adjace
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