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Q. Describe the Morphological Characteristics?
One of the first steps in the identification of bacteria in food is microscopic examination to ascertain the shape, size, aggregation, structure and staining reactions of the bacteria present. The following characteristics may be of special significance:
Encapsulation: The presence of capsules or slime may account for sliminess or ropiness of a food. Most capsules are polysaccharides of dextrin; dextran or levan and they serve as a source of reserve nutrients and increase the resistance of bacteria under adverse conditions.
Formation of Endospores: Bacteria of genera Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporosarcina etc have the ability to form endospores. Endospores are formed at an intracellular site and are resistant to heat, ultraviolet light and desiccation. Lysis of the vegetative cell releases the free endospore, which may remain dormant with no detectable metabolism for years. Sporulation usually appears in the late logarithmic phase of growth, possibly because of nutrient depletion or product accumulation. The acquisition of heat resistance is closely related to the formation of dipicolinic acid and the Ca2+ uptake. Germination is favoured by conditions that are favourable for growth.
Formation of Cell Aggregates: It is characteristic of some bacteria to form long chains or of others to clump under certain conditions. It is more difficult to kill all bacteria in intertwined chains or sizable clumps than to destroy separate cells.
The introns are the portions of genomic DNA which are transcribed (and hence present in the primary transcript) but are then spliced out later. They therefore are not present in th
State two ways in which sulphur dioxide emissions from coal-fired generating stations could be reduced. Sulphur dioxide emissions can be reduced by fitting desulphurization pl
Lingual nerve and artery It is the branch of mandibular nerve which enters the oral cavity above the posterior edge of the mylohyoid muscle close to the 3 rd molar region proc
Echocardiography: LV hypertrophy can be identified using M-Mode and 2 D imaging. Indications of myocardial ischemic states and systolic functions can be assessed by studying region
Explain Transport and Utilization of Vitamin A? The efficacy of the intestines to facilitate absorption and utilization of retinoid s and carotenoids depends upon the cellular
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Explain the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)? The recommended dietary allowances are estimates of nutrients to be consumed daily to ensure the requirements of all individua
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Aortic Valve Repair : In, acquired AR associated with VSD and prolapse of a cusp, repair is often successful. VSD is closed and at the same time the prolapsed part o
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