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Q. Describe the Morphological Characteristics?
One of the first steps in the identification of bacteria in food is microscopic examination to ascertain the shape, size, aggregation, structure and staining reactions of the bacteria present. The following characteristics may be of special significance:
Encapsulation: The presence of capsules or slime may account for sliminess or ropiness of a food. Most capsules are polysaccharides of dextrin; dextran or levan and they serve as a source of reserve nutrients and increase the resistance of bacteria under adverse conditions.
Formation of Endospores: Bacteria of genera Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporosarcina etc have the ability to form endospores. Endospores are formed at an intracellular site and are resistant to heat, ultraviolet light and desiccation. Lysis of the vegetative cell releases the free endospore, which may remain dormant with no detectable metabolism for years. Sporulation usually appears in the late logarithmic phase of growth, possibly because of nutrient depletion or product accumulation. The acquisition of heat resistance is closely related to the formation of dipicolinic acid and the Ca2+ uptake. Germination is favoured by conditions that are favourable for growth.
Formation of Cell Aggregates: It is characteristic of some bacteria to form long chains or of others to clump under certain conditions. It is more difficult to kill all bacteria in intertwined chains or sizable clumps than to destroy separate cells.
TER A T OGEN S - These are chemicals or drugs causing malformed foetus . The production of monsters or malformed foetus is called tertogeny or teratogenesis . Th
If a cow develops a preference for eating white four o'clock flowers and ignoring pink and red four o'clock flowers, what type of selection is being demonstrated? Would the cow eve
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Q. Preparation of the Laboratory Samples From the primary sample while selecting a representative laboratory sample, we need to consider the following: a) Laboratory sampl
Define the Water activity - Microbial Survival? It is the amount of water available to the organism. In general, requirement for water activity is more for bacteria (minimum 0.
Exchange of oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide and waste products from mother to fetus takes place through diffusion across the: a) Chorionic villi (pron: core-e-on-ick villi)
Q. How does the plant cell wall act in response when it is placed under hypotonic medium? The plant cell wall (the covering of the cell external to the cell membrane) is made o
Explain about the Drying - methods of food processing? Drying is the oldest and probably the simplest way of preserving food. It is usually accomplished by the removal of water
A person with a cough takes a patent cough syrup. In three days, the cough is better. Does this mean that the syrup has cured the cough? Justify your answer. There is insuffic
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