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Q. Describe the Morphological Characteristics?
One of the first steps in the identification of bacteria in food is microscopic examination to ascertain the shape, size, aggregation, structure and staining reactions of the bacteria present. The following characteristics may be of special significance:
Encapsulation: The presence of capsules or slime may account for sliminess or ropiness of a food. Most capsules are polysaccharides of dextrin; dextran or levan and they serve as a source of reserve nutrients and increase the resistance of bacteria under adverse conditions.
Formation of Endospores: Bacteria of genera Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporosarcina etc have the ability to form endospores. Endospores are formed at an intracellular site and are resistant to heat, ultraviolet light and desiccation. Lysis of the vegetative cell releases the free endospore, which may remain dormant with no detectable metabolism for years. Sporulation usually appears in the late logarithmic phase of growth, possibly because of nutrient depletion or product accumulation. The acquisition of heat resistance is closely related to the formation of dipicolinic acid and the Ca2+ uptake. Germination is favoured by conditions that are favourable for growth.
Formation of Cell Aggregates: It is characteristic of some bacteria to form long chains or of others to clump under certain conditions. It is more difficult to kill all bacteria in intertwined chains or sizable clumps than to destroy separate cells.
Hypothetical Age Pyramids The three types of hypothetical age pyramids which are as follows: 1) A pyramid with a broad base, indicating a high percentage of young individua
Most of the surface water originates directly from precipitation in the form of rainfall or snow. Ground water from springs also contributes to the flow of most of the streams. The
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D- and L- glucose are Select one: a. stereoisomers b. configurational isomers c. optical isomers d. enantiomers e. all of the above
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What is Radiographic Assessment Radiographic Assessment: Radiographic examination is very different with implants than with teeth. Radiographs are frequently used in implant
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