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Q. Describe the Basic Mechanisms in Plaque Formation?
In experimental models and human disease, the first morphologic phenomenon observed in plaque formation is adhesion of monocytes to an intact endothelial surface. This adhesion is followed by monocyte migration into the intima. In the intima, monocytes are activated, converted to macrophages, and may divide. Lipid uptake by macrophages then leads to the formation of the foam cell. Many factors act in concert to cause monocyte migration to allow the incoming monocytes to establish themselves in the intima. The endothelial surface is intact in the initial phase of coronary atherosclerosis. There is no exposure of the subendothelial connective tissue matrix and therefore no adhesion of platelets to the vessel wall. Much of the cholesterol and esters in a lipid core is released from the cytoplasm of dying foam cells. Active plaques contain numerous macrophages clustered at the edge of the core with the expression of a range of metalloproteinases that likely are engaged in the active destruction of the collagen matrix.
Smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation as well as collagen deposition are driven by growth factors produced by virtually every cell type, including smooth muscle cells themselves. The normal media is a vascular, but once intimal thickening occurs, new vessels grow in from the adventitia and reach the base of the plaque.
Light Stratification - Lake Ecosystem The penetration of light in water bodies is limited depending on the transparency of water and its ability to absorb light. On the basis
Define Absorption, Storage and Elimination of vitamins? Reading through this section you would realize that all fat-soluble vitamins undergo similar metabolic fate. They are a
Various integral proteins have multiple membrane-spanning -helices. Bacteriorhodopsin, a protein found in a photosynthetic bacterium captures the energy from light and uses it to
Q. Why is the dietary obtainment of iodine so important for thyroid functioning? The obtainment of iodine from the diet is vital for the thyroid because this chemical element i
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Determine Indicators used in monitoring and surveillance? Various simple indicators may be used such as: 1) Weight-for-height 2) Body mass index (weight in kg/square of h
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Q. What is the bone matrix? What are its main components? Bone matrix is the content that fills the intercellular space of the osseous tissue the bone matrix is made of mineral
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