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Q. Describe the Basic Mechanisms in Plaque Formation?
In experimental models and human disease, the first morphologic phenomenon observed in plaque formation is adhesion of monocytes to an intact endothelial surface. This adhesion is followed by monocyte migration into the intima. In the intima, monocytes are activated, converted to macrophages, and may divide. Lipid uptake by macrophages then leads to the formation of the foam cell. Many factors act in concert to cause monocyte migration to allow the incoming monocytes to establish themselves in the intima. The endothelial surface is intact in the initial phase of coronary atherosclerosis. There is no exposure of the subendothelial connective tissue matrix and therefore no adhesion of platelets to the vessel wall. Much of the cholesterol and esters in a lipid core is released from the cytoplasm of dying foam cells. Active plaques contain numerous macrophages clustered at the edge of the core with the expression of a range of metalloproteinases that likely are engaged in the active destruction of the collagen matrix.
Smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation as well as collagen deposition are driven by growth factors produced by virtually every cell type, including smooth muscle cells themselves. The normal media is a vascular, but once intimal thickening occurs, new vessels grow in from the adventitia and reach the base of the plaque.
Other Complications : Bioprosthetic valves have a tendency for degeneration, calcification or cusp perforation. Current models have overcome many of these problems. Calcification
Q. Can you show the Systems of classification plants? The development of angiosperm classification has been one of the most fascinating subject. A study of sequential events le
Acute Myocardial Infarction : Patients with acute non-Q myocardial infarction may need urgent intervention as indicated for cases of unstable angina.
Briefly explain about the Sit-ups Test? To measure muscular endurance, bent knee sit-ups can be done. Sit-ups begin with the subject lying flat on their backs with their knees
Deficency Diseases and Metabolic Disorders Nutrients required for life sustenance are grouped into 6 basic classes, viz. water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vita
Q. Why are some kinds of hemorrhagic diseases caused by genetic or acquired deficiency of the vitamin K metabolism? Deficiency of vitamin K predisposes to hemorrhages since thi
Define Nutritional Requirements of Fats and Oils for Adults? A desirable amount of a linoleic acid to be consumed by a normal adult is 3 en% (ICMR, 1990). The invisible fat pre
Explain the Bunsen Burner? It is a type of gas burner that gives very hot flame by allowing air to enter at the base and mix with the gas. It is used - (a) For sterilizing i
Although fructose does not have an aldehyde group it reacts first of all bonds of fructose was breaked by fehling solution then fructose coverted to aldehydic group then that
Jennifer has the "stomach flu" that is going around campus and has been vomiting profusely for the past 24 hours. Not only has she been unable to keep down fluids or food but she h
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