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Q. Describe the Basic Mechanisms in Plaque Formation?
In experimental models and human disease, the first morphologic phenomenon observed in plaque formation is adhesion of monocytes to an intact endothelial surface. This adhesion is followed by monocyte migration into the intima. In the intima, monocytes are activated, converted to macrophages, and may divide. Lipid uptake by macrophages then leads to the formation of the foam cell. Many factors act in concert to cause monocyte migration to allow the incoming monocytes to establish themselves in the intima. The endothelial surface is intact in the initial phase of coronary atherosclerosis. There is no exposure of the subendothelial connective tissue matrix and therefore no adhesion of platelets to the vessel wall. Much of the cholesterol and esters in a lipid core is released from the cytoplasm of dying foam cells. Active plaques contain numerous macrophages clustered at the edge of the core with the expression of a range of metalloproteinases that likely are engaged in the active destruction of the collagen matrix.
Smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation as well as collagen deposition are driven by growth factors produced by virtually every cell type, including smooth muscle cells themselves. The normal media is a vascular, but once intimal thickening occurs, new vessels grow in from the adventitia and reach the base of the plaque.
Q. Can you explain Aneurysm of Aorta? CXR findings are an enlargement of the involved portion of the aorta. A focal dilatation may simulate a mass or adenopathy. A more general
DE A T H - It is universal. It is last event in the degenerative process of ageing. It involves widspread cell break down & cell death. There is no heart beat, n
CELL WALL Discovered by Robert Hooke , 1665 when he saw dead empty cork cells. Bonne r - studied the chemical nature of cell wall. The cell wall is a rigid & prote
ESR and CRP are elevated in almost all patients of arthritis and carditis and rarely in patients with chorea. ESR should be repeated periodically as it is useful in following the c
peptide bond
Which of the below describes the type of fruit characterized as a dry, simple, one-seeded indehiscent (pron: in-deh-HISS-ent) fruit with seed attached to one ovary wall at only one
Q. Including major events and hormonal changes how can the menstrual cycle be described? One can imagine a cycle like an analog clock at which at 0 o'clock is the beginning and
Q. What do you know about Cardiothoracic ratio? The cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) shown in figure is the transverse cardiac diameter (the horizontal distance between the most righ
What are the Haversian canals and the Volkmann's canals of the bones? Is the osseous tissue vascularized? The Haversian canals are longitudinal canals show in the osseous tissu
Draw decanol, plamitic acid (C16:0 fatty acid) and the resulting wax ester generated by a dehydration reaction between both molecules.
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