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Q. Describe the Basic Mechanisms in Plaque Formation?
In experimental models and human disease, the first morphologic phenomenon observed in plaque formation is adhesion of monocytes to an intact endothelial surface. This adhesion is followed by monocyte migration into the intima. In the intima, monocytes are activated, converted to macrophages, and may divide. Lipid uptake by macrophages then leads to the formation of the foam cell. Many factors act in concert to cause monocyte migration to allow the incoming monocytes to establish themselves in the intima. The endothelial surface is intact in the initial phase of coronary atherosclerosis. There is no exposure of the subendothelial connective tissue matrix and therefore no adhesion of platelets to the vessel wall. Much of the cholesterol and esters in a lipid core is released from the cytoplasm of dying foam cells. Active plaques contain numerous macrophages clustered at the edge of the core with the expression of a range of metalloproteinases that likely are engaged in the active destruction of the collagen matrix.
Smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation as well as collagen deposition are driven by growth factors produced by virtually every cell type, including smooth muscle cells themselves. The normal media is a vascular, but once intimal thickening occurs, new vessels grow in from the adventitia and reach the base of the plaque.
Q. What are alkalosis and acidosis? Acidosis is the condition in which the blood pH is abnormally low Alkalosis is the condition in which the blood pH is abnormally high Normal
Question 1: (a) Describe the maturity stages in fish. (b) "k" and "r" selection strategies are commonly used to describe the response of fish to biotic and abiotic cond
MIDDL E EAR - Protected by tympanic bone. It's cavity is tympanic cavity. It is lined by simple cilliated columnar epithelium. It is connected to naso pharynx by Eu
Q. Explain Short term complications? Short term complications may arise due to GERD which may in turn increase the frequency or severity of this disease. One of the complicatio
Explain Mechanism for reduce the absorption of nutrients? The absorption of nutrients is also reduced by mechanisms other than increasing the viscosity of gastrointestinal cont
Q. What is Biological Contaminants? You may recall reading about food borne diseases caused by the consumption of contaminated food items in the last unit. In the
The trp (tryptophan) operon which is shown in the figure will have five structural genes encoding enzymes for tryptophan biosynthesis with an upstream Ptrp (trp promoter)
Types of overpopulation - People overpopulation People overpopulation refers to a situation where there are more people than the supplies of food, water and other vital resour
Insect resistant crops (IRC) Insects are a natural selection pressure so plants resistant to certain insects could have an evolutionary advantage (in natural environments)
Q. Is Acetylcholine found in brain? Acetylcholine is found in many parts of the brain having particularly high concentrations in the cerebral cortex, limbic system, basal, foreb
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