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Q. Describe the Basic Mechanisms in Plaque Formation?
In experimental models and human disease, the first morphologic phenomenon observed in plaque formation is adhesion of monocytes to an intact endothelial surface. This adhesion is followed by monocyte migration into the intima. In the intima, monocytes are activated, converted to macrophages, and may divide. Lipid uptake by macrophages then leads to the formation of the foam cell. Many factors act in concert to cause monocyte migration to allow the incoming monocytes to establish themselves in the intima. The endothelial surface is intact in the initial phase of coronary atherosclerosis. There is no exposure of the subendothelial connective tissue matrix and therefore no adhesion of platelets to the vessel wall. Much of the cholesterol and esters in a lipid core is released from the cytoplasm of dying foam cells. Active plaques contain numerous macrophages clustered at the edge of the core with the expression of a range of metalloproteinases that likely are engaged in the active destruction of the collagen matrix.
Smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation as well as collagen deposition are driven by growth factors produced by virtually every cell type, including smooth muscle cells themselves. The normal media is a vascular, but once intimal thickening occurs, new vessels grow in from the adventitia and reach the base of the plaque.
Gene targeting: There is always a debate on gene integration in to the host animal. It is random gene integration Vs gene targeting. Perhaps most significantly, pro-nuclear in
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Protein structure is determined solely by a protein amino acid sequence. Should a genetically engineered protein in which the order of all amino acids is reversed therefore have th
Classify phylum mollusca?
put the following events in the most probable order. A. Dead algae decomposed by bacteria B.excess nitrate and phosphate discharge into rivers C. Fish die of suffocation D.bacteria
Anticodon is the series of three nucleotides on the transfer RNA molecule which recognizes and pairs with the specific codon on a messenger RNA molecule; it helps in controlling t
What kind of eye defect can give rise to short-sightedness? Long eyeballs, large eyeballs, too powerful a lens or a combination of these defects can give increase to short-sigh
Two chromosomes in a cell have identical length and centromere position yet are not homologous, what is different about them
Shift of the phosphate group from carbon 3 to carbon 2 Shift of thephosphate group form carbon 3 to carbon 2: This reversible reaction is catalyzed by phosphoglycerate mutas
What are the phytoplankton and the zooplankton? The Phytoplankton and the zooplankton are divisions of the plankton. The phytoplankton includes the autotrophic floating beings:
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