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Describe Physical Data independence ?
Physical Data Independence - It is capacity to modify the internal schema without having to change conceptual schema. Therefore, the external schemas required not be changed as well. Changes to the internal schema might be required because some physical files had to be reorganized to improve the performance of retrieval or update. If the similar data as before remains in the database, the conceptual schema requires not be changed.
Evaluate: a.When transactions T1 and T2 are in a deadlock, one of the transactions will eventually implement to completion and let the other one continue implementation. b.
Relational Algebra is a set of basic operations used to influence the data in relational model. These operations allow the user to specify basic retrieval request. The result of re
Consider the relations: PROJECT(proj#,proj_name,chief_architect) EMPLOYEE(emp#,emp_name) ASSIGNED(proj#,emp#) Use relational algebra to express the subsequent queries: (i) Get
Analyzing Association Traversal Association Traversal shall be understood properly for the association design explanation. Analyzing association traversal means analyzing tra
What do you understand by a view? What does WITH CHECK OPTION clause for a view do? - A view is a virtual table which comprises fields from one or more real tables. - It is
Concurrency issues Data integrity: Threads accessing same object need to be synchronized, such as: banking account. Deadlock: One or more threads in system are perman
Modular growth: In distributed environments, it is simple to expand. Latest sites can be added to the network without affecting the operations of other sites, as they are somewhat
Describe queries with complex types? The present extension of the SQL query language deal with the complex type Let us start with the simple example: Find the title and t
read-set(T) : Each data items that are read by a transaction T Timestamps : for all transaction T, the start-time and the end time are reserved for all the three phases.
What is foreign key? Foreign Key - Let there are two relations in tables R and S. Any candidate key of the relation R that is referred in the relation S is known as the forei
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