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Describe Physical Data independence ?
Physical Data Independence - It is capacity to modify the internal schema without having to change conceptual schema. Therefore, the external schemas required not be changed as well. Changes to the internal schema might be required because some physical files had to be reorganized to improve the performance of retrieval or update. If the similar data as before remains in the database, the conceptual schema requires not be changed.
properties of derirable decomposition
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why shadow copy technique is used?
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Difference between LEFT OUTER JOIN and RIGHT OUTER JOIN In left outer join tuples from the left-hand-side relation which do not match any tuple in the right-hand-side relation
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