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Describe Physical Data independence ?
Physical Data Independence - It is capacity to modify the internal schema without having to change conceptual schema. Therefore, the external schemas required not be changed as well. Changes to the internal schema might be required because some physical files had to be reorganized to improve the performance of retrieval or update. If the similar data as before remains in the database, the conceptual schema requires not be changed.
Suppose R is a relation with attributes A1, A2,..., An. As a function of n, tell how many superkeys R has, if: 1.1 The only key is A1. 1.2 The only key is A1 and A2. 1.3 The o
Explain the differences between structured data and unstructured data. Structured data are facts concerning objects and events. The most significant structured data are numeric
What are views? Explain how views are different from tables? A view in SQL terminology is a one table in which is derived from other tables. These other tables could be base t
Let us first look into some of the important features of ER model. Entity relationship model is a high-level conceptual data model. It permits us to define the data invo
What is the use of keyword ISA? The use of keyword ISA is to show that a class is a specialization of another class.
Draw an Entity-Relationship model for the relational schema given in the Appendix. Show all the entities, relationships, relationship names, and attributes and also underline the
Explain the uses of deadlock It will lead to deadlock since this is the only place where incoming acknowledgements are processed. Without this code, sender will keep timing ou
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Give detail description on Transactions. - Using transactions we can group all SQL commands into a single unit. - Transaction begins with some task and finishes only when a
Convert the following ER - diagram (Entity Relationship Diagram) into a relational database (the primary keys are underlined): 2160_Convert the following ER - diagram into a
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