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Describe Physical Data independence ?
Physical Data Independence - It is capacity to modify the internal schema without having to change conceptual schema. Therefore, the external schemas required not be changed as well. Changes to the internal schema might be required because some physical files had to be reorganized to improve the performance of retrieval or update. If the similar data as before remains in the database, the conceptual schema requires not be changed.
Strict 2PL :Though, this basic 2PL suffers from the trouble that it can result into loss of isolation / atomic property of transaction as theoretically speaking once a lock is rele
Which operation is used if we are interested in only certain columns of a table? PROJECTION operation is used if we are interested in only certain columns of a table.
Explain the EXISTS and UNIQUE functions of SQL. Give an example for each? EXISTS: The EXISTS function takes one parameter that is a SQL statement. If any records exist which
Compare the two log-based recovery schemes in terms of ease of implementation and overhead cost. Ans: There are two types of log based recovery techniques: deferred update
Explain the concept of deadlock Yes. It can direct to deadlock. Suppose that a batch of frames arrived correctly and were accepted. Then receiver will advance its window. Now s
Describe logical data independence ? Logical Data Independence - It is the capacity to modify the conceptual schema without having to change external schemas or application p
Design an EER schema for the following application and translate the EER schema into relational schemas (and constraints). It is possible that some requirements cannot be captured
What is the difference among a database schema and a database state? The collection of information stored in database at particular moment in time is known as database state a
An employee record has the following structure struct employee { int eno; char name[22]; float salary; char dept[10];}; (i) Calculate the record size R in bytes.
Describe different steps of the object-oriented design process. The broad steps of the object-oriented design process are: a. Define context and modes of use of the system
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