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Describe logical data independence ?
Logical Data Independence - It is the capacity to modify the conceptual schema without having to change external schemas or application programs. The conceptual schema might be changed to expand the database (through adding a record type or data item), to change constraints, or to decrease the database (by removing a record type or data item). Only the view definition and the mappings required are changed in a DBMS that supports logical data independence. Changes to constraints could be applied to the conceptual schema without moving the external schemas or application programs.
Consider the relation PERSON. If you want to display details of persons having age less than or equal to 30 than the select operation will be used as follows: σ AGE The resu
List and explain the memory constructs of the Oracle 12c databases?
Now that she understands more about the benefits of databases, the play-scheme manager would like to extend the play-scheme database to include data for schools and instructors as
Explain the difference between the three storage types - volatile, non volatile and stable. Ans: Volatile storage: if storage media loses data while power goes off,
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Explain the shadow paging recovery technique. Ans: Shadow paging is a method used to acquire atomic and durable transactions, and provides the capability to manipulate pages i
Examples:- Hierarchical Model: It tells data as and relationships by hierarchy of data values. Figure illustrates an example of hierarchical model. Now a day's these models are
What is deadlock? How can it be avoided? How can it be resolved once it occurs? Deadlock happens when two transactions are each waiting on a resource that the other transaction
Table_Name( attribute_1, attribute_2, attribute_3, ….. ,attribute_x) Primary Key ( attribute_1, attribute_2) Foreign Key attribute_4 References Table_Name_2 (repeat for each fore
Increased parallelism : Since the replicated date has several copies a query can be distributed or can be answered from the smallest loaded site. Also, with more replicas you have
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