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Describe Database state in details?
Database state: The actual data within the database at a particular moment in time is known as a database state.
What is the use of Union and intersection operation? Union: The result of this operation contains all tuples that are either in r1 or in r2 or in both r1 and r2.Duplicate tuple
Draw an E_R Model for the following: An organization uses number of items of a equipment to generates goods. Each item is at one LOCATION, of one TYPE and has a DETAILED_DISCRI
OBJECTIVES After going through this unit you should be capable to: Explain the File Based system and its limitations; Explain the structure of DBMS; Explain the
What are audit trails? An audit trail is a log of all alters to the database along with information like which user performed the change and when the alter was performed.
explain at least five widly used case tools
Define Physical and Logical independence Ans: Physical data independence: The ability to modify physical level without causing application program to be rewritten. Logic
Association as a cache This association must be updated when any new element is added to it, but testing for overlap using association is more efficient. Figure:
Write short notes on extension and intension? In any data model, it is significant to distinguish among the description of the database and the database itself the description
The participation Constraints shows whether the existence of an entity depends on its being associated to another entity by the relationship type. There are two kinds of participat
How nulls are treated in comparison operator? Along with comparison (relational) operators, the null values are ignored as we cannot derive the relation along with the given op
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