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Consider a database whose universe is a finite set of vertices V and whose unique relation .E is binary and encodes the edges of an undirected (resp., directed) graph G: (V, E). Each undirected edge between the nodes o and u (resp., directed edge from the node v to the node u) is encoded by the two atoms E (v, u) and E (u, v) (resp., by the single atom E (v, u)).
Consider the pairs of stucture (undirected (resp., directed) graphs) shown in Fig. 1. Suppose that the graphs are encoded in a database as explained above. For each pair, answer the following questions:
1. What is the smallest quantifier rank k for which the spoiler wins the k-move Ehrenfeucht-Fraisse game on the pair of structure?
2. Derive a Boolean first-order query from your winning strategy that is true on one structure but not on the other (you can use the equality relation between vertices).
If α,β are the zeros of the polynomial 2x 2 - 4x + 5 find the value of a) α 2 + β 2 b) (α - β) 2 . Ans : p (x) = 2 x 2 - 4 x + 5 (Ans: a) -1 , b) -6) α + β =
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Example Find the values of the given expressions. Also given that a = 2, b = 3, c = 1, and x = 2. 8a + 5bc = 8.2
Prove that A tree with n vertices has (n - 1) edges. Ans: From the definition of a tree a root comprise indegree zero and all other nodes comprise indegree one. There should
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Let R be the relation on Z + defined by aRb iff gcd(a; b) = 1 (that is, a and b have no common divisors greater than one). Explain whether R is reflexive, irreflexive, symmetri
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