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Define Timestamp ordering
Ans In timestamp-based method, a serial order is made among the concurrent transaction by assigning to every transaction a unique nondecreasing number. The common value assigned to each transaction is the system clock value at the beginning of the transaction, therefore the name timestamp ordering. This value then can be employed in deciding the order in which the conflict between two transactions is resolved. A transaction along with a smaller timestamp value is considered to be an "older" transaction as compared to another transaction with a larger timestamp value.
For every n-ary relationship type R where n>2, we make a new table S to represent R. We contain as foreign key attributes in s the primary keys of the relations that show the parti
What is the error handling Traditionally, bits have been sent over line lacking any error correcting scheme in physical layer. The presence of the CPU in each modem makes it po
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Compute the closure (F+) for the following set of the functional dependencies defined on R(a,b,c,d), where F - {c→ a, ab → d, a → b, d → c}, i.e. what are all of the FDs implied b
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Write short notes on tuple relational calculus. The tuple relational calculation is anon procedural query language. It defines the desired information without giving a particul
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