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Define Timestamp ordering
Ans In timestamp-based method, a serial order is made among the concurrent transaction by assigning to every transaction a unique nondecreasing number. The common value assigned to each transaction is the system clock value at the beginning of the transaction, therefore the name timestamp ordering. This value then can be employed in deciding the order in which the conflict between two transactions is resolved. A transaction along with a smaller timestamp value is considered to be an "older" transaction as compared to another transaction with a larger timestamp value.
Define According to the levels of abstraction, the schema at the intermediate level is called Ans: As per to the levels of abstraction, the schema at the intermediate level is
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What are the two integrity rules? Ans: The two integrity rules are: Entity Integrity Rule & Referential Integrity Rule. Entity Integrity Rule - If the attribute A of rel
Isolation or Independence : The isolation property shows that the updates of a transaction should not be visible till they are committed. Isolation assurance that the progresses of
explain ANSI SPARC architecture
Special comparison operator used in where Clause a. between. ...and...It gives range among two values (inclusive) Example: SELECT ENAME, SAL FROM EMP WHERE SAL BETWE
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Define weak and strong entity sets? Weak entity set: entity set that do not have key attribute of their own are known as weak entity sets. Strong entity set
Determine the method of Choosing Algorithms In general, most of operations are easy and have a satisfactory algorithm since description of what is to be done also shows how i
Define the Wait for graph Ans: The wait-for-graph is a directed graph and consist of nodes and directed arcs; the nodes of the graph are active transactions. An arc of the grap
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