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Define Timestamp ordering
Ans In timestamp-based method, a serial order is made among the concurrent transaction by assigning to every transaction a unique nondecreasing number. The common value assigned to each transaction is the system clock value at the beginning of the transaction, therefore the name timestamp ordering. This value then can be employed in deciding the order in which the conflict between two transactions is resolved. A transaction along with a smaller timestamp value is considered to be an "older" transaction as compared to another transaction with a larger timestamp value.
Fourth Normal Form (4NF) When attributes in a relation have multi-valued dependency, further Normalization to 4NF and 5NF are needed. Let us first find out what multi-valued d
The Update Operations : Update operations are used for altering database values. The constraint violations faced by this operation are logically the similar as the problem faced
what is specialization?
Primary Key The primary key is the candidate key that is selected by the database designer as the principal denotes of identifying entities within an entity set. The left candi
What is authorization graph? Passing of authorization from single user to another can be shown by an authorization graph.
Explain the integrity constraints: Not Null, Unique, Primary Key with an example each. Is the combination 'Not Null, Primary Key' a valid combination. Justify. Not Null - Shou
Primary index A primary index is a file that has a sorted series of records having two columns: a block address for that key field in the data file; and the ordering key field.
Consider an information system designed for an online company which provides IT products and services These include desktops, laptops, networking products, IT books, parts, and
What is a recursive relationship? Give an example not used in the text. A recursive relationship is a relationship among an entity and itself. For example, given the entity PER
explain the mapping constraints
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