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Define Timestamp ordering
Ans In timestamp-based method, a serial order is made among the concurrent transaction by assigning to every transaction a unique nondecreasing number. The common value assigned to each transaction is the system clock value at the beginning of the transaction, therefore the name timestamp ordering. This value then can be employed in deciding the order in which the conflict between two transactions is resolved. A transaction along with a smaller timestamp value is considered to be an "older" transaction as compared to another transaction with a larger timestamp value.
What are the disadvantages of file processing system? The drawbacks of file processing systems are a) Data redundancy and inconsistency b) Complexity in accessing data
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write-set(T): Each data items that are written by a transaction T
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Which two files are used during operation of the DBMS? Data dictionary and transaction log are two files used during operation of the DBMS.
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