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Define Timestamp ordering
Ans In timestamp-based method, a serial order is made among the concurrent transaction by assigning to every transaction a unique nondecreasing number. The common value assigned to each transaction is the system clock value at the beginning of the transaction, therefore the name timestamp ordering. This value then can be employed in deciding the order in which the conflict between two transactions is resolved. A transaction along with a smaller timestamp value is considered to be an "older" transaction as compared to another transaction with a larger timestamp value.
Primary Index In primary index, there is a one-to-one relationship among the entries in the index table and the records in the major table. Primary index can be of two types:
Database Manager It is the interface among low-level data, queries and application programs. Databases typically need a large amount of storage space. It is kept on disks, as
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Define the term Domain. For each n every attribute there is a set of permitted values known as the domain of that attribute.
Design a gennalization and specialization hierarchy for an automobile sales company
Explain the EXEC statement in SQL Ans: All statements which start with EXEC SQL are embedded SQL database statements. High level languages such as C can be employed to write a
Horizontal Fragmentation- Horizontal fragmentation groups together the tuples in a relation that are collectively used by the main transactions. A horizontal fragment is produced b
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What is meant by software and hardware RAID systems? RAID can be executed with no change at the hardware level, using only software modification. Such RAID implementations are
what problems are raised by the database? why is it so controversial? why is data quality an issue?
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