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Define Timestamp ordering
Ans In timestamp-based method, a serial order is made among the concurrent transaction by assigning to every transaction a unique nondecreasing number. The common value assigned to each transaction is the system clock value at the beginning of the transaction, therefore the name timestamp ordering. This value then can be employed in deciding the order in which the conflict between two transactions is resolved. A transaction along with a smaller timestamp value is considered to be an "older" transaction as compared to another transaction with a larger timestamp value.
Define Assertions in SQL a. An assertion is a predicate that is expressing a condition we wish the database to always satisfy. b. Domain constraints, functional dependency
Two-way Associations Mostly, associations are travel in both directions, although not usually with same frequency. There are three approaches for the implementation. In
Hashed File Organisation Hashing is the most common form of purely random access to a database or file. It is also used to access columns that do not have an index as an optimi
Explain Instance and schemas? Instances and schemas: Databases changes over time as the information is deleted and inserted. The collection of information stored in database
Explain trivial dependency? Functional dependency of the form α ->β. is trivial if α C β. Trivial functional dependencies are satisfied by all the relations.
What is the use of keyword ISA? The use of keyword ISA is to show that a class is a specialization of another class.
Mention the various user privileges All privileges directly granted to the user or role. All privileges granted to roles that have been granted to the user or role.
After going by the database architecture, let us now dwell on an important query: how is the data organised in a database? There are a lot of basic structures that exist in a datab
Part 1: Security Plan Consider the Case study and identify 3 security requirements. For each of these security requirements: • Discuss the necessity for the feature and how
A database for the Service and Maintenance (SM) section of a Computer sales and service Company has to be developed. SM gives after sales service to customers. SM branch has a numb
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