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Define Timestamp ordering
Ans In timestamp-based method, a serial order is made among the concurrent transaction by assigning to every transaction a unique nondecreasing number. The common value assigned to each transaction is the system clock value at the beginning of the transaction, therefore the name timestamp ordering. This value then can be employed in deciding the order in which the conflict between two transactions is resolved. A transaction along with a smaller timestamp value is considered to be an "older" transaction as compared to another transaction with a larger timestamp value.
Relations create the database. They must satisfy various properties, like no duplicate tuples, no ordering of tuples, and atomic attributes, etc. Relations that satisfy these basic
Determine object representation As a designer, we must choose properly that when to use primitive types in representing objects and when to combine groups of related objects,
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Describe the algorithm for updating indices for a single level index when a record is (i) Inserted (ii) deleted What will be the modification if there are multilevel in
QUESTION (a)(i) Define the term database. (ii) How is it different from a database management system? (b) What is the difference between an entity and an attribute? (c
A relation has: Relational Schema Relation instance Relational Schema: A relational schema shows the relation's name, its attributes and the domain of every a
What is a SELECT operation? The select operation selects tuples that please a given predicate. We use the lowercase letter σ to denote selection.
Give an example of enforcement in Typing. You can understand the idea of enforcement as it makes sure objects of dissimilar classes may not be interchanged as below: Exampl
Give an example of Operations from the functions of a bank. For creation of a saving account, you can write: bank::: create -savings-account (customer)->account. For oper
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