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Define Timestamp ordering
Ans In timestamp-based method, a serial order is made among the concurrent transaction by assigning to every transaction a unique nondecreasing number. The common value assigned to each transaction is the system clock value at the beginning of the transaction, therefore the name timestamp ordering. This value then can be employed in deciding the order in which the conflict between two transactions is resolved. A transaction along with a smaller timestamp value is considered to be an "older" transaction as compared to another transaction with a larger timestamp value.
What is called query processing? Query processing refers to the range of activities included in extracting data from a database.
These are the binary operations; i.e., each is applied to two relations or sets. These two relations can be union compatible excluding in case of Cartesian product. Two relations R
task upload
Synonyms It allows short names or alternative names for objects. Example : CREATE SYNONYM D30 FOR EMPD30; Now if we give command:
Views in relational algebra: 1. Basic expression contains either a) A relation in the database. b) A constant relation. 2. General expressions are madde out of sma
A database administrator''s responsibilities and data contents
what is definition hierarchical data model
Fourth Normal Form (4NF) When attributes in a relation have multi-valued dependency, further Normalization to 4NF and 5NF are needed. Let us first find out what multi-valued d
What is a recovery scheme? An integral part of a database system is a recovery scheme that can restore the database to the reliable state that existed before the failure.
Explain the two types of participation constraint. Total: The participation of an entity set E in a relationship set R is said to be total if each entity in E participates i
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