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Define Timestamp ordering
Ans In timestamp-based method, a serial order is made among the concurrent transaction by assigning to every transaction a unique nondecreasing number. The common value assigned to each transaction is the system clock value at the beginning of the transaction, therefore the name timestamp ordering. This value then can be employed in deciding the order in which the conflict between two transactions is resolved. A transaction along with a smaller timestamp value is considered to be an "older" transaction as compared to another transaction with a larger timestamp value.
Types of data independence Data independence can be classified into the following two types: Physical Data Independence: This means that for any change made in the physi
What is property - properties of a database ? It is an integrated collection of logically related records. It consolidates separate files into a common pool of data records and
The PROJECT operation The project operation is used to choose the records with specified attributes as discarding the others based on some related criteria. This is denotes as ∏
The External or View Level The external or view level is the highest level of abstraction of database. It gives a window on the conceptual view, which permits the user to see
How are tables stored on Disk? We realise that every record of a table can have different amounts of data. This is due to in some records; some attribute values may be "zero".
At its most essential level the DBMS architecture can be divide into two parts: the back end and the front end. The back end is responsible for managing the physical database an
Write short notes on domain relational calculus The domain relational calculus uses domain variables that take on values from an attribute domain rather than values for whole
A database administrator''s responsibilities and data contents
Explain Domain calculus Domain calculus is one of the types of the relational calculus. The formal specification of the domain calculus was planned after the development of the
When are two schedules said to be view equivalent? Ans: Two schedules that is denoted as S and S' are said to be view equivalent if the subsequent three conditions are met
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