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Define Timestamp ordering
Ans In timestamp-based method, a serial order is made among the concurrent transaction by assigning to every transaction a unique nondecreasing number. The common value assigned to each transaction is the system clock value at the beginning of the transaction, therefore the name timestamp ordering. This value then can be employed in deciding the order in which the conflict between two transactions is resolved. A transaction along with a smaller timestamp value is considered to be an "older" transaction as compared to another transaction with a larger timestamp value.
Describe the shadow paging technique.
These are designed to reduce the effects of a database failure and make sure a database is restored to a consistent state if a failure does arise. Manual backup/restore utilities n
In an organization several projects are undertaken. Each project can employ one or more employees. Each employee can work on one or more projects. Each project is undertaken on the
Define a relation ? Relation - A relations is a named two-dimensional table of data. Mathematically, a relation can be described as a subset of the cartesian product of a lis
Prove that a relation which is 4NF must be BCNF. Ans Let R be in 4NF. Suppose it is not in BCNF. Hence, there exists an FD X→Y in R such that x is not a super key. Although
A View may be defined of as a virtual table, that is, a table that does not really exist in its own right but is instead inferred from one or more underlying base data table. T
What is conceptual schema? The schemas at the view level are known as subschema that describe dissimilar views of the database.
Question (a) Concurrent access to data from a database is a normal part of application program usage. Describe three approaches to concurrency control (b) Distinguish among
What is Hierarchical DBMS In HDBMS, data is structured in a tree like manner. There is a parent-child relationship between data items and the data model is very suitable for re
When It is better to use files than a DBMS? It is better to use files than a DBMS when Multiple users wish to access the data.
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