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Define Timestamp ordering
Ans In timestamp-based method, a serial order is made among the concurrent transaction by assigning to every transaction a unique nondecreasing number. The common value assigned to each transaction is the system clock value at the beginning of the transaction, therefore the name timestamp ordering. This value then can be employed in deciding the order in which the conflict between two transactions is resolved. A transaction along with a smaller timestamp value is considered to be an "older" transaction as compared to another transaction with a larger timestamp value.
Locks: Serialisabilty is just a test whether a given interleaved schedule is ok or has a concurrency related trouble. Though, it does not make sure that the interleaved concurrent
Super keys of a relation can have extra attributes. Candidate keys are minimal super key, i.e. such a key have no extraneous attribute. An attribute is known as extraneous if even
Explain the three data models namely relational, network and hierarchical and evaluate their relative advantages and disadvantages. Hierarchical Model: In hierarchical model, da
What is a database graph? The partial ordering implies that the set D may now be viewed as a directed acyclic graph, known as a database graph.
Describe the objective of Structural Diagrams The main objective of structural diagram is to visualize, construct, specify and document static aspects of a system. Their eleme
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Draw the precedence graph of the following schedule and determine whether the schedule is serializable. (Note that all instructions, except lock and unlock, are omitted. We assume
what is cascading? what is rollback cascading? please explain in detail
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