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Define the terms 1) physical schema 2) logical schema.
Physical schema: The physical schema explains the database design at the physical level, which is the lowest level of abstraction describing how the data are actually kept.
Logical schema: The logical schema explains the database design at the logical level, which explains what data are kept in the database and what relationship exists between the data.
Explain Strict Two-Phase locking A transaction T does not release any type of its exclusive (X) locks until that transaction commits or aborts. In this method no other transact
To delete a particular column in a relation which command is used ? To delete a particular column in a relation ALTER command is used.
Benefits of Hashed file Organisation 1. Insertion or search on hash-key is quick. 2. Best if equality search is required on hash-key. Drawbacks of Hashed file
Describe Query evaluation engine? Query Evaluation engine: Vehicle executes low-level instructions obtained through the DML compiler. The Storage Manager Components gives in
What is storage manager? A storage manager is a program module that gives the interface between the Low level data kept in a database and the application programs
These are designed to reduce the effects of a database failure and make sure a database is restored to a consistent state if a failure does arise. Manual backup/restore utilities n
Views in relational algebra: 1. Basic expression contains either a) A relation in the database. b) A constant relation. 2. General expressions are madde out of sma
Describe the shadow paging technique.
Improved Reliability: In a centralised DBMS, a server failure stops the operations of the DBMS. Though, a failure at single site of a DDBMS, or a failure of a communication link cr
What is the difference among a primary index and a secondary index? Primary Index: A primary index is an ordered file whose records are of fixed length along with two fields.
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