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Define the terms 1) physical schema 2) logical schema.
Physical schema: The physical schema explains the database design at the physical level, which is the lowest level of abstraction describing how the data are actually stored.
Logical schema: The logical schema explains the database design at the logical level, which explains what data are keeps in the database and what relationship exists between the data.
Describe the static hash file with buckets and chaining and show how insertion, deletion and modification of a record can be performed. In static hash file organization, the wo
A View may be defined of as a virtual table, that is, a table that does not really exist in its own right but is instead inferred from one or more underlying base data table. T
What is Normalization? Database normalization is a data design and organization method applied to data structures based on rules that help building relational databases. In rel
In a relation, tuples are not inserted in any definite order. Ordering of tuples is not defined as a part of a relation definition. Though, records may be structured later accordin
Define physical and logical data independence. How does this architecture help in achieving these? Data independence entails that change in one view must not need a change in t
vertical fragmentation
Decompose the table with the following description and functional dependencies into a set of equivalent tables normalized to 3NF or BCNF. This database stores records from a (ve
Hashed File Organisation Hashing is the most common form of purely random access to a database or file. It is also used to access columns that do not have an index as an optimi
Backward Recovery (UNDO): In this system the uncommitted changes made by a transaction to a database are undone. Instead the system is reset to the last consistent state of databa
Describe multi key files
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