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Define- relational algebra.
The relational algebra is a procedural query language. It having of a set of operations that take one or two relation as input and make a new relation as output.
The PROJECT operation The project operation is used to choose the records with specified attributes as discarding the others based on some related criteria. This is denotes as ∏
Unrepeatable reads : Assume T7 reads X twice during its implementation. If it did not update X itself it could be very disturbing to see a dissimilar value of X in its next read. B
Explain the disadvantages of file oriented approach? In the oriented approach Applications are designed in isolation. Design of application is optimized for one application. In
What are the properties in a relation ? In a relation Ordering of rows is immaterial and No two rows are identical.
Define the Two Phase Locking Protocol This is a protocol that is used to make sure serializability of transactions. This protocol needs that every transaction issue lock and u
Question 1 Explain the concept of Foreign Key. How a foreign key differs from a Primary Key? Can the Foreign Key accept nulls? Question 2 With a necessary example explain (i)
What is Nested Queries explain in details? Nested Queries - A SELECT query could have subquery(s) in it. While a SELECT query having another SELECT query in it, is known as n
Explain what is Aggregation ? Aggregation: This is used whenever we intend to show a relationship between an entity and the relationship. There is no provision for this in th
In which format database schema is written ? Data base schema is written in the DDL format.
Single-Valued Dependencies A database is a collection of related information and it is therefore inevitable that some items of information in the database would depend on some
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