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Define- relational algebra.
The relational algebra is a procedural query language. It having of a set of operations that take one or two relation as input and make a new relation as output.
Three Level Architecture of DBMS or Logical DBMS Architecture The logical architecture defines how data in the database is perceived by users. It is not deals with how the da
What it creates while a primary key is combined with a foreign key? It creates Parent-Child relation ship between the tables that connect them while a primary key is combined w
What is meant by object identifiers? Object-oriented systems use an object identifier to recognize objects. Object identifiers are unique: that is every object has a single ide
Types of data independence Data independence can be classified into the following two types: Physical Data Independence: This means that for any change made in the physi
Control as State within Program 1. The term control exactly means to check effect of input within a program. For illustration, in Figure, after the ATM card is inserted (a
What is Primary key? Primary Key - Primary key is one of the candidate keys which uniquely identifies each row in the relation.
What is vertical fragmentation? Vertical fragmentation divides the relation by decomposing the scheme R of relation r.
Backward Recovery (UNDO): In this system the uncommitted changes made by a transaction to a database are undone. Instead the system is reset to the last consistent state of databa
Define two-phase locking protocol. Ans: Two-phase locking is significance in the context of ensuring that schedules are serializable. The two-phase locking protocol defines a p
What is a hashing function? What are the properties of a good hashing function? Describe the folding technique for hashing functions. Ans: Hashing function is a method
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