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Define Query by Example
QBE is a query language relies upon domain calculus and has two dimensional syntax. The queries are written in the horizontal and vertical dimensions of table. Queries are made by entering an instance of a possible answer in a skeleton table as displayed in the following diagram:
Conditions particular in a single row are ANDed and conditions illustrated in separate rows are ORed. The tuple operations are P., I ., etc., for PRINT, insert commands, resp. The variable names are illustrated by preceding their name with an underscore. QBE as well provides a "conditions" box to specify additional constraints that is why the conditions that cannot be added in a Skelton table can be entered in the conditions table. The aggregation operations such as max., min, sum. etc. are also provided by QBE.
Indexed (Indexed Sequential) File Organisation It organises the file like a big dictionary, i.e., records are kept in order of the key but an index is stored which also allows
Enumerate or state the steps in creating a relevant database of a shop.
Gyan Gurukul is a software company that provides software related solution. Ashutosh Dubey who is the director of Gyan Gurukul want a three-level schema architecture for the Gyan G
UNION If R1 and R2 are two union compatible relations then R3 = R1 ∪ R2 is the relation having tuples that are either in R1 or in R2 or in both. In case, R3 will have tuples
Example -GRANT CREATE SESSION TO MCA12; (This command gives system level permission on creating a session - not portable) GRANT SELECT ON EMP TO MCA12; (Object level permi
Define and differentiate between ordered indexing and hashing. Ans: Ordered indexing: To gain fast random access to records in a file, we can make of an index structure. Every
Un-Normalized Form (UNF) If a table having non-atomic values at every row, it is said to be in UNF. An atomic value is something that cannot be further decomposed. A non-atomic
What are the various forms of data transparency? a) fragmentation transparency b) replication transparency c) location transparency
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Explain the ACID properties of a transaction Ans: ACID properties are a significant concept for databases. The ACID stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability
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