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Define physical and logical data independence. How does this architecture help in achieving these?
Data independence entails that change in one view must not need a change in the view(s) above. There are two sorts of data independence: logical and physical. The meaning of Logical data independence is that the conceptual view can be changed without influencing the existing external view, that is a given record may be spilt or combined along with other records but the external views need not be modified to reflect this. The meaning of Physical data independence is that the physical storage structures or devices employed to store the data can be changed without effecting the existing conceptual view or external view, that is if earlier indexed sequential files are employed to store data and then the B- trees are used, even then the upper layers must not be effected.
Explain the cartesian product in Database Management System
Explain heap file with advantages? Heap File is an unordered set or a group of records, stored on a set of pages. This class gives basic support for inserting, updating, select
CREATE TABLE prodtrans ( pno number (4) ptype char (1) CHECK (ptype in ('I','R','S')), qty number (5) FOREIGN KEY pno REFERENCES product (pno) ON DELETE CASCADE);
Compare the Nested-loop join and block-nested loop join Ans: Nested loop join - It is costly as worst case cost, no. of block accesses needed is n r * b s + b r where b
Explain the Project-Join normal form A relation R is in PJNF along with respect to a set of functional dependencies D if for all join dependencies of the outline *(R 1 , R 2 ,
What is bucket overflow and how bucket overflow is handled through Over Flow Chaining or Closed Hashing? Ans: Bucket: unit of storage holding records. Bucket is a disk block
under what condition log based recovery is feasible?
what is natural join?
We face problem of stock Opening balance and closing balance in Minus
what benefit can a company gain by managing its own infrasture and services
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