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Define physical and logical data independence. How does this architecture help in achieving these?
Data independence entails that change in one view must not need a change in the view(s) above. There are two sorts of data independence: logical and physical. The meaning of Logical data independence is that the conceptual view can be changed without influencing the existing external view, that is a given record may be spilt or combined along with other records but the external views need not be modified to reflect this. The meaning of Physical data independence is that the physical storage structures or devices employed to store the data can be changed without effecting the existing conceptual view or external view, that is if earlier indexed sequential files are employed to store data and then the B- trees are used, even then the upper layers must not be effected.
example of bank
INSERT INTO command : Values can be inserted for all columns or for the selected columns Values can be given by sub query. In place of values parameter substitution
compare the features of oracle RDBMS with MySQL and Microsoft SQL server
to develop elrctronic database from manual forms
Describe Specialsation and generalization? Specialisation /generalization: This is a top down and bottom up approach to the design of database. It displays the IS_A relation
OBJECTIVES After going through this unit you should be capable to: Explain the File Based system and its limitations; Explain the structure of DBMS; Explain the
Consider a bank that has a collection of sites, each running a database system. Suppose the only way the databases interact is by electronic transfer of money between one another,
Draw the precedence graph of the following schedule and determine whether the schedule is serializable. (Note that all instructions, except lock and unlock, are omitted. We assume
What are stand-alone procedures? Procedures that are not part of a package are called as stand-alone because they independently defined. A good example of a stand-alone procedu
average response time?
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