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Define physical and logical data independence. How does this architecture help in achieving these?
Data independence entails that change in one view must not need a change in the view(s) above. There are two sorts of data independence: logical and physical. The meaning of Logical data independence is that the conceptual view can be changed without influencing the existing external view, that is a given record may be spilt or combined along with other records but the external views need not be modified to reflect this. The meaning of Physical data independence is that the physical storage structures or devices employed to store the data can be changed without effecting the existing conceptual view or external view, that is if earlier indexed sequential files are employed to store data and then the B- trees are used, even then the upper layers must not be effected.
Convert the following ER - diagram (Entity Relationship Diagram) into a relational database (the primary keys are underlined): 2160_Convert the following ER - diagram into a
Durability : This property necessitates that once a transaction has committed, the changes made by it be never lost because of subsequent failure. Thus, a transaction is also a bas
Log based recovery: Let us first describe the term transaction log in the context of DBMS. A transaction log is a record in DBMS that remains track of all the transactions of a dat
Explain Hashing techniques The hashing techniques can be categorized as: Static Hashing Techniques - In this method, the data can be viewed a collection of buckets, along with
System Design: An Object Oriented Approach Any software systems always try to change and evolve as technology and business rules evolve. The development of information systems
random file sharing
Many-to-many : Entities in A and B are related with any number of entities from each other. Example: Taught_by Relationship among course and faculty. One faculty member ca
What are the various properties of Relational tables? Relational tables have 6 properties: 1. Each row is unique. 2. Column values are of the same kind. 3. Values are
(a) Explain briefly the three parts of a relational Model. (b) Contrast the following terms with an appropriate example: (i) stored attribute v/s derived attribute (ii) en
Aggregation : One limitation of the E-R diagram is that they do not permit representation of relationships between relationships. In such a case the relationship along with its ent
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