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Define physical and logical data independence. How does this architecture help in achieving these?
Data independence entails that change in one view must not need a change in the view(s) above. There are two sorts of data independence: logical and physical. The meaning of Logical data independence is that the conceptual view can be changed without influencing the existing external view, that is a given record may be spilt or combined along with other records but the external views need not be modified to reflect this. The meaning of Physical data independence is that the physical storage structures or devices employed to store the data can be changed without effecting the existing conceptual view or external view, that is if earlier indexed sequential files are employed to store data and then the B- trees are used, even then the upper layers must not be effected.
What is a PROJECT operation? The project operation is a unary operation that returns its argument relation with particular attributes left out. Projection is shown by pie (π).
List the internal controls that should be in effect solely because a EDP system is employed, classifing them as (1) Those controls pertaining to input of information and (2) All ot
Question (a) Concurrent access to data from a database is a normal part of application program usage. Describe three approaches to concurrency control (b) Distinguish among
Explain Record Based Logical Models? Record-Based logical Models: Also define data at the conceptual and view levels. Unlike object-oriented models, are used to state overall
What Is Recovery? During the life of a transaction, i.e., a after the start of a transaction but before the transaction commits, various changes may be made in a database state
Distributed And Client Server Databases Introduction This unit tells the distributed database systems which are primarily relational and one important execution model: the
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You must implement the entity relationship model provided in the model solution to Assignment 1. The model solution will be released on the course website approximately TWO (2) we
Write a short note on QBE? Stands for "Query By Example." QBE is a feature involved along with various database applications which gives user-friendly techniques of running da
How to create a table from existing table? Create table as e.g, To create a new table ‘N_emp' with employee names and their identification numbers only from employee ta
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