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Define physical and logical data independence. How does this architecture help in achieving these?
Data independence entails that change in one view must not need a change in the view(s) above. There are two sorts of data independence: logical and physical. The meaning of Logical data independence is that the conceptual view can be changed without influencing the existing external view, that is a given record may be spilt or combined along with other records but the external views need not be modified to reflect this. The meaning of Physical data independence is that the physical storage structures or devices employed to store the data can be changed without effecting the existing conceptual view or external view, that is if earlier indexed sequential files are employed to store data and then the B- trees are used, even then the upper layers must not be effected.
What is Gathering information and Producing ERD Gathering information: This could be a written document that explains the system in question with reasonable quantity of detai
Advantages of Observation Methods: Bailey has pointed out four advantages of observation: 1. Superior in Data Collection on Non Verbal Behavior: When a person a opi
" Wound-wait" scheme : It is based on a preemptive method. It is based on a simple rule: If Ti requests a database resource that is held by Tj
Explain the ISA relationship Answer: ISA relationship - ISA notation is employed in generalization/ specialization to depict relationship among lower and higer level entity s
Timestamp Ordering Protocol A timestamp is a tag that can be attached to any transaction or any data item, which indicates a specific time on which the transaction or data item
What are the Overlapping elements Overlapping elements can be found by scanning all the elements in front of deleted element in priority list for the sheet and comparing them
courier company er-diagram
What are aggregate functions? And list the aggregate functions supported by SQL? Aggregate functions are functions that take a collection of values as input and return a one va
Views A view is like a window by which data from tables can be changed or viewed. The table on which a view is based is known as Base table. The view is stored as a SELECT stat
While sorting field groups we cannot use more than one key field False.
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