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Define physical and logical data independence. How does this architecture help in achieving these?
Data independence entails that change in one view must not need a change in the view(s) above. There are two sorts of data independence: logical and physical. The meaning of Logical data independence is that the conceptual view can be changed without influencing the existing external view, that is a given record may be spilt or combined along with other records but the external views need not be modified to reflect this. The meaning of Physical data independence is that the physical storage structures or devices employed to store the data can be changed without effecting the existing conceptual view or external view, that is if earlier indexed sequential files are employed to store data and then the B- trees are used, even then the upper layers must not be effected.
WHERE and HAVING clause in SQL ? The WHERE clause is commonly used for implementing conditions on each tuple of the relation. The HAVING clause is used in combination along wi
Determine object representation As a designer, we must choose properly that when to use primitive types in representing objects and when to combine groups of related objects,
#explain five disadvantages of a dbms..
Project Description: Need Point of Sale software for pizza restaurant. Delivery and take out service, client's database, inventory control, order history, last order, order from
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What is meant by object identifiers? Object-oriented systems use an object identifier to recognize objects. Object identifiers are unique: that is every object has a single ide
What is the use of Union and intersection operation? Union: The result of this operation contains all tuples that are either in r1 or in r2 or in both r1 and r2.Duplicate tuple
What is assertion? Mention the forms available. An assertion is a predicate expressing a condition that we wish the database always to satisfy. Domain integrity constraints.
Example: RELATIONAL SCHEMA for PERSON: PERSON (PERSON_ID: integer, NAME: string, AGE: integer, ADDRESS: String) RELATION INSTANCE In this instance, m = 3 and n = 4
Explain the Relational Completeness Codd described the term relational completeness to consider to a language that is complete with respect to first-order predicate calculus ex
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