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Define physical and logical data independence. How does this architecture help in achieving these?
Data independence entails that change in one view must not need a change in the view(s) above. There are two sorts of data independence: logical and physical. The meaning of Logical data independence is that the conceptual view can be changed without influencing the existing external view, that is a given record may be spilt or combined along with other records but the external views need not be modified to reflect this. The meaning of Physical data independence is that the physical storage structures or devices employed to store the data can be changed without effecting the existing conceptual view or external view, that is if earlier indexed sequential files are employed to store data and then the B- trees are used, even then the upper layers must not be effected.
What are the technique to define a schema completely ? A schema is completely define by DDL and DML query language.
The following variant of the primary copy asynchronous-update replication protocol has been proposed for totally replicated systems. (a) A transaction executing at site A updat
List the string operations supported by SQL? 1) Pattern matching Operation 2) Concatenation 3) Extracting character strings 4) Converting among uppercase and lower cas
Question 1: Define the term business intelligence tools? Briefly explain how the data from one end gets transformed into information at the other end? Definition Exp
Discuss The difference between drop table R and delete from R. DROP TABLE command deletes all the records with the table definition. This command will automatically committed
Write short notes on extension and intension? In any data model, it is significant to distinguish among the description of the database and the database itself the description
(A) For the relation; CarSales (RegNo, BuyerName, Address, SalesPerson, Make, Model, Commission) The following functional dependences hold, RegNo _ID à Make, Model Reg
Write a program within embedded SQL to associative the total trip expenses of the salesman named ‘John' for the relations. EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION; long total_expenses;
Which is a legal expression in SQL? SELECT NAME FROM EMPLOYEE is a legal expression in SQL.
Higher Normal Forms Is there more normal forms beyond BCNF? Yes, though, these normal forms are not based on the concept of functional dependence. More normalisation is needed if
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