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A large number of integral proteins in eukaryotes do not traverse the membrane but are anchored in one or other leaflet of the bilayer through covalent attachment to a hydrocarbon chain. Several proteins, having the prion protein the causative agent of mad cow disease are stably anchored at the cell surface by covalent linkage of their C-terminal amino acid to the headgroup of a phosphatidylinositol lipid by an ethanolamine-phosphate-trimannose-glucosamine bridge, so-called GPI (glycosyl phosphatidylinositol)-anchored proteins. This difficult structure is built up by sequential addition of the individual sugar residues and ethanolamine phosphate to phosphatidylinositol. The C-terminal hydrophobic signal peptide is deleted from the protein in the lumen of the RER and the preformed GPI anchor added to the new exposed C- terminal amino acid.
figure: Lipid-modified proteins. (a) A glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored protein (G, glucosamine; M, mannose; EtP, ethanolamine phosphate); (b) A myristoylated protein; (c) A prenylated protein; (d) a palmitoylated protein. Some proteins are also customized on Cys residues with covalently attached palmitate (C16:0) (palmitoylated proteins). These have some with membrane-spanning polypeptides (fig. 2d), some prenylated proteins and some myristoylated proteins. Various of the proteins having in cell signaling, like as the G proteins and the Ras family of proteins are lipid modified.
In the experiments that led Fredrick Griffith to discover the "Transforming Principle", which of the following was the key step in illustrating that a substance within one cell cou
Neuron A is a healthy neuron with all the usual ion channels. When at rest with a membrane voltage of R millivolts, neuron A produces no action potentials. The voltage thres
Methods of entrainment to food and survival advantages Because of weak zeitgeber of light (during winter and summer months where there is very little change in photoperio
What are the hyphae and the mycelium of pluricellular fungi? The major structures of pluricellular fungi are the hyphae (threadlike filaments made of contiguous uni or multinuc
Germ layer theory
Q. Describe the procedure of femoral approach? The catheter is inserted into the femoral sheath and advanced to the level of the left mainstem bronchus over the guidewire. Aft
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Are hormones only proteins? Some hormones are proteins, such as insulin, glucagon and ADH, others are derived from proteins (changed amino acids), like adrenaline and noradrena
Name the disorder in which the immune mechanism of the body of a patient gets suppressed. Which pathogen is responsible for it? Give any two reasons of its transmission.
WHAT ARE SOME INFORMATION ABOUT HUMAN ZOOLOGY?
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