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A large number of integral proteins in eukaryotes do not traverse the membrane but are anchored in one or other leaflet of the bilayer through covalent attachment to a hydrocarbon chain. Several proteins, having the prion protein the causative agent of mad cow disease are stably anchored at the cell surface by covalent linkage of their C-terminal amino acid to the headgroup of a phosphatidylinositol lipid by an ethanolamine-phosphate-trimannose-glucosamine bridge, so-called GPI (glycosyl phosphatidylinositol)-anchored proteins. This difficult structure is built up by sequential addition of the individual sugar residues and ethanolamine phosphate to phosphatidylinositol. The C-terminal hydrophobic signal peptide is deleted from the protein in the lumen of the RER and the preformed GPI anchor added to the new exposed C- terminal amino acid.
figure: Lipid-modified proteins. (a) A glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored protein (G, glucosamine; M, mannose; EtP, ethanolamine phosphate); (b) A myristoylated protein; (c) A prenylated protein; (d) a palmitoylated protein. Some proteins are also customized on Cys residues with covalently attached palmitate (C16:0) (palmitoylated proteins). These have some with membrane-spanning polypeptides (fig. 2d), some prenylated proteins and some myristoylated proteins. Various of the proteins having in cell signaling, like as the G proteins and the Ras family of proteins are lipid modified.
In developing countries because of poor compliance, poverty, ignorance, primary and secondary prevention strategies are difficult to implement properly. Also in western countries (
Meninges (Singular-Meninx) - Ceverings of brain. By infection in meninges meningitis or brain fever is caused. These menings are internally lined by squamous epitheliu
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About 90% of ozone of atmosphere resides in stratosphere (16 to 40 km) layer of atmosphere as ozone layer. It protects life on this planet from harmful U.V. radiations. In absence
what is respiration in animals ,its functions ,types of respiration
Interferons are small glycoproteins formed by virus-infected cells that inhibit viral infection. They are heterogeneous. Gamma interferons induce MHC class II antigens in macrophag
What is atom? Atoms are the smallest component of matter that determine its unique chemical and physical properties. They are composed of negatively charged electrons, positive
Manx cats are heterozygous for a dominant mutation that results in no tails or very short tails, large hind legs and a distinctive gait. The mating of two Manx cats yields two Manx
-The expected phenotypic ratio of offspring. -The expected genotypic ratio of offspring. -Calculate the expected values you would use on a chi-square test (use genotypic rati
Explain the concpet of Dressing Dressing: Means medicine wound covering; a bandage or other sterile covering is put on a wound to protect it from infection or further damage.
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