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Hot Backup:Some sites cannot terminate the database while creating a backup copy of the files. The cold backup is not a reliable option. So different kinds of backing up database must be used - the hot backup. Gives a SQL command to refer to Oracle, on a tablespace-by-tablespace basis, that the folders of the tablespace are to back up. The users can continue to create full use of the files, including creating modifications to the data. Once the user has refers that he/she wants to back up the files, he/she can need the operating system to copy those files to the right backup destination. The database has to be operating in ARCHIVELOG mode for the hot backup option.
Question: a) Discuss the concept of data independence, explaining its importance in a database environment. b) To address the issue of data independence, the ANSI-SPARC t
Define the basic operations of the relational algebra? Ans: Basic operators of relational algebra are: 1. Union (∪) - Selects tuples which are in either P or Q or in bot
Q.1 Briefly discuss the different layers of ANSI SPARC architecture. Ans: The three layers of ANSI SPARC architecture are like this: 1. Internal view is at the lowest leve
How can Redundant Associations be done It can be done by asking questions: i) Is there a specific arrangement of network which would optimize critical aspects of completed
Define NULL value NULL value NULL means something is unknown. It does NOT mean null (the digit 0). Null is as well employed as attribute value for a particular entity in which
What are the time stamps associated with each data item? W-timestamp (Q) denotes the largest time stamp if any transaction that implemented WRITE (Q) successfully. R-timesta
Define the Immediate Update The immediate update methods may apply changes to the database on disk before the transaction arrives a successful conclusion. Though, these change
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Describe the algorithm to draw the dependency graph? Ans: Algorithm to draw Precedence Graph is like this: a. For every transaction T i participating in schedule S, make
Q. With the help of a suitable diagram gives module wise explanation of system architecture of DBMS. Sol. A Database management is a collection of interrelated data and col
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