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Define Hardness - Chemical Characteristics of Water
Caused by any polyvalent cations (mainly Calcium and Magnesium). Expressed as mg/l as CaCO3. Causes precipitates with soap (forms scum) and reduces the effectiveness of soap.
Carbonate hardness (also known as temporary hardness) is the hardness associated with bicarbonate and carbonate ions (alkalinity) and the remaining hardness is termed non carbonate hardness (permanent hardness) and typically is associated with sulfate and chloride. Carbonate hardness can be removed by heating water.
Hardness is removed by lime-soda softening process or ion exchange process (discussed later). Hardness is measured by titrating with EDTA (standard is chosen so that 1 ml titrant gives 1 mg/l as CaCO3 hardness)
Exponential distribution - Poisson distribution function: Let X follow exponential distribution with parameter θ. Find the pdf of Y = X 1/β where β( ≥ 1 ) is a constant.
Explain the Wetted Perimeter (P) The linear length of the interface between the fluid's cross-sectional plane edges in contact with the pipe or channel wall.
Determine the Characteristic Load for structure The Load, which has 95 percent probability of not being exceeded during the life of a structure, is considered as characteristic
State the Loss of prestress Loss of prestress due to elastic shortening definitely occurs in pre-tensioned concrete members. But in post-tensioned members it does not occur if
Supplementary or Untensioned Reinforcement It is that reinforcement, provided in prestressed concrete member, which is not provided in a stretched condition like tendons.
Differentiate between concrete and tendons In the case of pre-tensioned concrete members, the transfer of prestress takes place due to the bond between concrete and tendons. In
State the term Axial Prestressingin Concrete If the centroid of cross-sectional areas of tendons is at the location of the centroid of the cross-section of the concrete member,
thickness of brick masonry
state and prove Heisenberg uncertainity principle?
dowel or aggregate interlock ?how to decide?
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