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Define entity integrity and referential integrity. How does SQL allow specification of these?
Ans: Entity Integrity Rule- If the attribute A of relation R is a prime attribute of R after that A cannot accept null values.
Referential Integrity Rule- In referential integrity, it is made sure that a value that appears in one relation for a given set of attributes as well appears for a particular set of attributes in another relation.
In SQL, referential integrity and entity integrity rules are implemented as constraints on the relation known as reference Key constraint and primary Key constraint correspondingly.
These constraints can be fixed with relation at the time of creation of the relations or after the creation of the relations by altering the definition of the relations. For instance:
What are audit trails? An audit trail is a log of all alters to the database along with information like which user performed the change and when the alter was performed.
A student entity type has the following attributes,name..
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Define shadow paging. An alternative to log-based crash recovery method is shadow paging. This technique requires fewer disk accesses than do the log-based methods.
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