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Q. Define Aortic regurgitation?
Aortic regurgitation is a common valvular disease that may present chronically or acutely. Normally the integrity of valve closure depends upon the anatomy of valve leaflets and on three dimensional geometry of aortic root and sinuses of Valsalva. Wide variety of causes may lead to aortic regurgitation. Usually 50 per cent of valve replacements are due to diseases of valve and 50 per cent due to root disease. However, in India predominant cause of aortic valve replacement is still rheumatic.
Table : Causes of Aortic Regurgitation
Acute - Aortic dissection - Trauma - Leaflet perforation due to endocarditis Chronic
Valve leaflet disease - Congenital Bicuspid Unicuspid Quadricuspid Fenestrations - Rheumatic - Infective endocarditis - Myxomatous degeneration - Fibro calcific degeneration - Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Rheumatoid - Pharmacological agents Aortic Root Disease - Hypertension - Idiopathic root dilatation - Marfan's Syndrome - Aortic dissection - Annuloaortic ecstasia - Cystic medial necrosis - Syphilis - Ankylosing spondylosis - Takayasu arteritis - Psoriatic arthritis - Reiter's Syndrome - Relapsing Polychondritis - Kawasaki disease - Osteogeneses imperfecta - Giant cell Arteritis - Ehlers - Danlos Syndrome
Sub Valvular - Discrete sub aortic stenosis
- VSD with aortic regurgitation due to prolapse Majority of elderly hypertensive patients have trivial to mild aortic regurgitation due to varying degrees of root dilatation due to hypertension and degenerative changes in the valve. However, they are rarely of clinical importance and may not progress to severe aortic regurgitation.
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Name the reserve food materials in pheophyceae Ans) Reserve food materials in pheophyceae are laminarin and mannitol
GERENAL CHARACTERICS OF PHYLUM ANNELIDA
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Q. Show the Anatomical Evidence? Anatomy is the study of the structure, organisation and development of cells and tissues of plants and animals. For over a century taxonomists
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Q. Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty for aortic stenosis? This is the procedure of choice in children and young individuals where the valve is not calcified. In elderly patients wit
Posterior Leaflet: In the posterior leaflet a quadrangular excision of the sector involved in the prolapse is done. This may be up to 15-20 per cent of the leaflet. The remaining
Implant Selection Errors There are a plethora of commercially available implant systems and designs. Qualitative and quantitative nature of the available bone should be careful
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