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Define Aggregate functions and what aggregate functions supported by the MySQL
To calculate a summary value from a set of individual values and uses one of the functions known as aggregate functions.
These are so called for the reason that they operate on aggregates (groups) of values.
Aggregate functions include COUNT ( ) which counts records or values in a query result; MAX( ) and MIN( ) which find largest and smallest values; SUM( ) and AVG( )and which produce sums and means of values.
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What is normalization? It is a method of analysing the given relation schemas based on their Functional Dependencies (FDs) and primary key to attain the properties (1).Minim
Vertical Fragmentation- Vertical fragmentation groups together only those attributes in a relation that are used jointly by various important transactions. A vertical fragment is d
Define entity integrity and referential integrity. How does SQL allow specification of these? Ans: Entity Integrity Rule- If the attribute A of relation R is a prime attribut
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When is a transaction rolled back? Any changes that the aborted transaction made to the database must be uncompleted. While the changes caused by an aborted transaction have be
A collection of a same kind of entities is known as an Entity Set or entity type. Example: For the COLLEGE database defines earlier objects of concern are Students, Faculty,
Database Manager It is the interface among low-level data, queries and application programs. Databases typically need a large amount of storage space. It is kept on disks, as
The Concurrent Transactions Almost every commercial DBMS support multi-user environment. Therefore, allowing multiple transactions to proceed concurrently. The DBMS must make
Entity types that do not have any key attribute, and therefore cannot be identified independently, are known as weak entity types. A weak entity can be recognized uniquely only by
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