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Declaring Exceptions
The Exceptions can be declared only in the declarative part of the PL/SQL subprogram, block, or package. By introducing its name, you can declare an exception followed by the keyword EXCEPTION. In the illustration below, you declare an exception named past_due:
DECLARE
past_due EXCEPTION;
The Exception and variable declarations are alike. But keep in mind that, an exception is an error condition, not a data item. Unlike variables, the exceptions cannot appear in the assignment statements or the SQL statements. Though, the same scope rules apply to the variables and exceptions.
Using Savepoints The scope of the savepoint is a transaction in which it is defined. The Savepoints defined in the major transaction are not related to the savepoints defined
RETURN Statement The RETURN statement instantly completes the execution of a subprogram and returns control to the caller. The Execution then resumes with the statement below t
Example of Shorthand for a row constraint Example: Shorthand for a row constraint ALTER TABLE EXAM_MARK ADD CONSTRAINT Mark_in_range CHECK (Mark BETWEEN 0 AND 100);
Named Notation The second procedure call uses the named notation. An arrow (=>) serve as the relationship operator that associates the formal parameter to the left of the arro
Transaction Visibility As the figure shows, the changes made by an autonomous transaction become visible to another transaction whenever the autonomous transaction commits. Th
Using a join on 2 tables, select all columns and 10 rows from the 2 tables without the use of a Cartesian product. Query: SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE1 E JOIN STAFF S ON E.EMP_
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Using ROLLBACK The ROLLBACK statements end the present transaction and undo any change made during the transaction. The Rolling back is helpful for two reasons. Firstly, if yo
Example of Foreign Key Constraint Example: Alternative formulation for 6.3 as a foreign key constraint ALTER TABLE EXAM_MARK ADD CONSTRAINT Must_be_enrolled_to_take_exam
Expression: This is a randomly complex combination of constants, variables, literals, operators, & function calls. The simplest expression consists of a single variable. If th
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