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Declarations in SQLYour program stores values in the variables and constants. As the program executes, the value of the variables can change, but the values constants cannot. You can declare the variables and constants in the declarative part of any PL/SQL block, package, or subprogram. The Declarations allocate the storage space for a value, state its datatype, and name the storage location and hence, you can reference it. A couple of examples are shown below: birthday DATE;emp_count SMALLINT := 0;The first declaration names a variable of the type DATE. The second declaration names a variable of the type SMALLINT and uses the assignment operator to assign an initial value of zero to the variable. The example next show that the expression following the assignment operator can be arbitrarily complex and can refer to the earlier initialized variables: pi REAL := 3.14159;radius REAL := 1;area REAL := pi * radius**2; By default, the variables are initialized to NULL. So, these declarations are equal: birthday DATE;birthday DATE := NULL; In the declaration of a constant, the keyword CONSTANT should precede the type of the specifier, as the example below shows: credit_limit CONSTANT REAL := 5000.00; This declaration names a constant of the type REAL and assigns an initial value of 5000 to the constant. The constant must be initialized in its declaration. Or else, you get a compilation error whenever the declaration is elaborated. (The procedure of a declaration by the PL/SQL compiler is known as the elaboration.)
TTITLE and BTITLE are commands in Pl-SQL to control report headings and footers. This Ttitle & Btitle are mainly used on creating SQL*PLUS report. Ttitle is used for toptitle headi
Processing Transactions This part describes how to do the transaction processing. You learn the fundamental techniques that safeguard the consistency of your database, involvin
Extension and AND in SQL The theory book gives the following simple example of relational extension in Tutorial D: EXTEND IS_CALLED ADD ( FirstLetter ( Name ) AS Initial )
1. a. Write a trigger that fires when a part's price is updated. The trigger will write a record into a table called PriceUpdates. The record should contain the information of
Methods: In normal, a method is a subprogram declared in an object type specification using the keyword MEMBER or STATIC. The method cannot have similar name as the object typ
Ending Transactions A good quality programming practice is to commit or roll back every transaction explicitly. Whether you rollback or issue the commit in your PL/SQL program
Problem: (a) Define the following terms: (i) data mining. (ii) OLAP. (b) Differentiate between snowflake schema and star schema. Support your answer with appropriate
Updating by replacement Syntax: UPDATE ENROLMENT SET Name = 'Ann' WHERE StudentId = SID ('S1'); Note the use of SET, as already noted in connection with direct a
Transaction context As the figure shows, the major transaction shares its context with the nested transactions, but not with the autonomous transactions. Similarly, If one aut
Bulk Binds advantages In the Embedded Oracle RDBMS, the PL/SQL engines accept any valid PL/SQL subprogram or block. As the figure shows, the PL/SQL engine executes all procedur
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