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Declarations in SQLYour program stores values in the variables and constants. As the program executes, the value of the variables can change, but the values constants cannot. You can declare the variables and constants in the declarative part of any PL/SQL block, package, or subprogram. The Declarations allocate the storage space for a value, state its datatype, and name the storage location and hence, you can reference it. A couple of examples are shown below: birthday DATE;emp_count SMALLINT := 0;The first declaration names a variable of the type DATE. The second declaration names a variable of the type SMALLINT and uses the assignment operator to assign an initial value of zero to the variable. The example next show that the expression following the assignment operator can be arbitrarily complex and can refer to the earlier initialized variables: pi REAL := 3.14159;radius REAL := 1;area REAL := pi * radius**2; By default, the variables are initialized to NULL. So, these declarations are equal: birthday DATE;birthday DATE := NULL; In the declaration of a constant, the keyword CONSTANT should precede the type of the specifier, as the example below shows: credit_limit CONSTANT REAL := 5000.00; This declaration names a constant of the type REAL and assigns an initial value of 5000 to the constant. The constant must be initialized in its declaration. Or else, you get a compilation error whenever the declaration is elaborated. (The procedure of a declaration by the PL/SQL compiler is known as the elaboration.)
Updating by insertion Syntax : INSERT INTO ENROLMENT VALUES (SID ('S4'), 'Devinder', CID ('C1'));
Positional Notation The first procedure call uses the positional notation. The PL/SQL compiler relates the first actual parameter, account, with the first proper parameter, ac
Parameter and Keyword Description: table_reference: This keyword identifies the table or view that should be accessible when you execute the UPDATE statement, and for wh
Count Operator in SQL Example: Counting the students who have scored more than 50 in some exam (SELECT COUNT (*) FROM (SELECT DISTINCT StudentId FROM EXAM_MARK WHE
UPDATE Statement The UPDATE statement transforms the values of the specified columns in one or more rows in the table or view. Syntax:
SQL Functions The PL/SQL uses all the SQL functions involving the following aggregate functions that summarize the whole columns of the Oracle data: GROUPING, AVG, COUNT, STDDE
1.( /5 marks) Suppose that a B+-tree index with the search key (dept_name, building) is available on relation department. What would be the best way to handle the following selecti
Referencing Records Unlike the elements in a collection, that are accessed using subscripts, the fields in a record are accessed by name. To reference an individual field, you
Implicit Cursor Attributes The Implicit cursor attributes returns the information about the execution of an INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE, or SELECT INTO statement. The cursor attribu
Cursor Variables: To execute the multi-row query, the Oracle opens an unnamed work region that stores the processing information. You can use an explicit cursor that names
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