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What are the time stamps associated with each data item? W-timestamp (Q) denotes the largest time stamp if any transaction that implemented WRITE (Q) successfully. R-timesta
Define the terms i) Entity type ii) Entity set Entity type: An entity type describes a collection of entities that have the similar attributes. Entity set: The set of all en
WHERE and HAVING clause in SQL ? The WHERE clause is commonly used for implementing conditions on each tuple of the relation. The HAVING clause is used in combination along wi
Insertion Anomaly: Inability to show certain information-The primary key of the over relation be (enrolment number, Cno). Any new tuple to be inserted in the relation should have
What is system log? What are the entries? Ans: The system log that is generally written on stable storage contains the redundant data required to recover from volatile
How many types of users works on database? Users are differentiated through the way they expect to interact along with the system (i) Application programmers-interact with
What is Cardinality Ratio? Cardinality Ratios - The cardinality ratios for relationship kinds specifies the maximum number of relationship instances in which an entity can pa
Explain the disadvantages of file oriented approach? In the oriented approach Applications are designed in isolation. Design of application is optimized for one application. In
Explain Hierarchical Model ? Hierarchical Model - It was established to model several kinds of hierarchical organizations which exist in the real world. It uses tree structur
List the Armstrong's axioms for functional dependencies. What do you understand by soundness and completeness of these axioms? Ans: The Armstrong's axioms are: F1:
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