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Data Types in SQL - Character
CHARACTER or, synonymously, CHAR, for character strings. When this type is to be the declared type of something (e.g., a column), the permissible values are further constrained by a maximum length specification given in parentheses and optionally by the key word VARYING, indicating that values shorter than the maximum, including the empty string '' , are also permissible. Examples: CHAR(5) for strings of five characters only, CHARACTER VARYING (100), which can be abbreviated to VARCHAR(100), for strings of up to one hundred characters. The last two are alternative spellings for the same declared type.
The type CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT, or CLOB, allows for inclusion of strings that are longer than the longest supported by the other CHARACTER types. Note that in the terminology of the theory book CHARACTER is a kind of type generator. The key word does not of itself denote a type, but only does so when qualified by a length specification. A similar remark applies to some of the other type names used in SQL.
Scoping Within the similar scope, all the declared identifiers should be unique. So, even if their datatypes differ, the variables and parameters cannot share the similar name.
Manipulating Collections Within PL/SQL, the collections add procedural power and flexibility. The biggest benefit is that your program can compute subscripts to process the spec
Ending Transactions A good quality programming practice is to commit or roll back every transaction explicitly. Whether you rollback or issue the commit in your PL/SQL program
Blocks: The fundamental program unit in the PL/SQL is the block. The PL/SQL block is defined by the keywords BEGIN, DECLARE, EXCEPTION, and END. These keywords partition the b
Example of COALESCE operator Example: Give the total of marks for each exam (simplified solution) SELECT CourseId, COALESCE ((SELECT SUM (Mark) FROM EXAM_MARK AS EM
When Are Constraints Checked Under the model constraints are conceptually checked at all statement boundaries (and only at statement boundaries). By default the same is true
Question: a) Given the following relation: Location(loc_id, bldg_code, room, capacity) The underlined field is a primary key. (i) Write a PL/SQL program using the impl
Synonyms You can create the synonyms to provide location transparency for the remote schema objects like tables, views, sequences, stand-alone subprograms, and packages. Though,
Advantages of Wrapping The PL/SQL Wrapper convert the PL/SQL source code into a transitional form of the object code. By hiding the application internals, the Wrapper secure
What is Cursors how to use it in Real time application ?
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