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Data Types in SQL - Character
CHARACTER or, synonymously, CHAR, for character strings. When this type is to be the declared type of something (e.g., a column), the permissible values are further constrained by a maximum length specification given in parentheses and optionally by the key word VARYING, indicating that values shorter than the maximum, including the empty string '' , are also permissible. Examples: CHAR(5) for strings of five characters only, CHARACTER VARYING (100), which can be abbreviated to VARCHAR(100), for strings of up to one hundred characters. The last two are alternative spellings for the same declared type.
The type CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT, or CLOB, allows for inclusion of strings that are longer than the longest supported by the other CHARACTER types. Note that in the terminology of the theory book CHARACTER is a kind of type generator. The key word does not of itself denote a type, but only does so when qualified by a length specification. A similar remark applies to some of the other type names used in SQL.
Existential Quantification - SQL Existential quantification-stating that something is true of at least one object under consideration-can be expressed by OR(r,c), meaning tha
Use the NOCOPY Compiler Hint By default, the OUT and IN OUT parameters are passed by the value i.e. the value of an IN OUT actual parameter is copied into the corresponding fo
The Package Specification The package specifications contain the public declarations. The scopes of these declarations are local to your database representation and global to t
Natural Join - SQL In the absence of NATURAL JOIN Example has to be replaced by something rather more longwinded, as shown in Example. Example: Joining IS_CALLED and IS_EN
Initializing Records The illustration below shows that you can initialize a record in its type definition. Whenever you declare a record of the type TimeRec, its 3 fields supp
%FOUND Until the SQL data manipulation statement is executed, the %FOUND yields NULL. Afterward, the %FOUND yields TRUE, when an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement affected o
Scope Rules You cannot declare an exception twice in the similar block. Though, you can, declare the similar exception in 2 different blocks. The Exceptions declared in a bloc
Example of Foreign Key Constraint Example: Alternative formulation for 6.3 as a foreign key constraint ALTER TABLE EXAM_MARK ADD CONSTRAINT Must_be_enrolled_to_take_exam
Opening a Cursor Opening the cursor executes the query & identifies the result set that consists of all rows that meet the query search criteria. For the cursors declared usin
1. Create a procedure called TAX_COST_SP to accomplish the tax calculation task. Keep in mind that the state and subtotal values are inputs into the procedure and the procedure is
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