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Data Types in SQL - Character
CHARACTER or, synonymously, CHAR, for character strings. When this type is to be the declared type of something (e.g., a column), the permissible values are further constrained by a maximum length specification given in parentheses and optionally by the key word VARYING, indicating that values shorter than the maximum, including the empty string '' , are also permissible. Examples: CHAR(5) for strings of five characters only, CHARACTER VARYING (100), which can be abbreviated to VARCHAR(100), for strings of up to one hundred characters. The last two are alternative spellings for the same declared type.
The type CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT, or CLOB, allows for inclusion of strings that are longer than the longest supported by the other CHARACTER types. Note that in the terminology of the theory book CHARACTER is a kind of type generator. The key word does not of itself denote a type, but only does so when qualified by a length specification. A similar remark applies to some of the other type names used in SQL.
Raise_application_error - procedure of package DBMS_STANDARD , allows to issue an user_defined error messages by stored sub-program or database trigger.
Example of EXCEPT Operator - SQL Example, like its counterpart in the theory book, illustrates the convenience of allowing any table expression to be the source for an INSERT
Question 1 . Compare SQL and PL/SQL Question 2 . Write a database trigger to implement the following check condition Given the following table
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Implicit Cursors The Oracle implicitly opens a cursor to process each SQL statement not related with an explicitly declared cursor. The PL/SQL lets you refer to the most recen
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Rephrase Conditional Control Statements When computing a logical expression, the PL/SQL uses short-circuit evaluation. That is, the PL/SQL stops evaluating the expression as s
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Example of NOT EXISTS in SQL Example: Use of NOT EXISTS CREATE ASSERTION Must_be_enrolled_to_take_exam_alternative1 CHECK ( NOT EXISTS (SELECT StudentId, CourseId
UPDATE Statement The UPDATE statement transforms the values of the specified columns in one or more rows in the table or view. Syntax:
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