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Data Types in SQL - Character
CHARACTER or, synonymously, CHAR, for character strings. When this type is to be the declared type of something (e.g., a column), the permissible values are further constrained by a maximum length specification given in parentheses and optionally by the key word VARYING, indicating that values shorter than the maximum, including the empty string '' , are also permissible. Examples: CHAR(5) for strings of five characters only, CHARACTER VARYING (100), which can be abbreviated to VARCHAR(100), for strings of up to one hundred characters. The last two are alternative spellings for the same declared type.
The type CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT, or CLOB, allows for inclusion of strings that are longer than the longest supported by the other CHARACTER types. Note that in the terminology of the theory book CHARACTER is a kind of type generator. The key word does not of itself denote a type, but only does so when qualified by a length specification. A similar remark applies to some of the other type names used in SQL.
Example of GROUPBY Operator Example: How many students sat each exam, using GROUP BY, NATURAL LEFT JOIN, and COALESCE SELECT CourseId, COALESCE (n, 0) AS n FROM COURS
Packages The package is a schema object which groups logically associated to the PL/SQL items, types, and subprograms. The Packages have 2 sections: the specification & the bod
LOB Types The large object (LOB) datatypes like BFILE, BLOB, CLOB, and NCLOB store the blocks of unstructured data (like graphic images, text, video clips, and sound waveforms)
Package Body: The package specification is implemented by the package body. That is, the package body has the definition of every cursor and the subprogram declared in the pac
Special cases of projection This section describes the identity projection, r {ALL BUT}, and the projection on no attributes, r { }, which yields TABLE_DUM when r is empty, ot
EXIT Statement You can use the EXIT statement to exit a loop. The EXIT statement has 2 forms: the conditional EXIT WHEN and the unconditional EXIT. With the either form, you
Using Invoker Rights: By default, the stored procedure executes with the privileges of its definer, not its invoker. These procedures are bound to the schema in which they inh
Table Comparison - SQL The following definitions for relation comparisons: Let r1 and r2 be relations having the same heading. Then: r1 ⊆ r2 is true if every tuple of r1
i have an assignment of DBMS subject, this assignment is based on SQL server and power BI
Indeterminacy in SQL Some SQL expressions are actually not function invocations at all in the mathematical sense, being indeterminate-invocations operating on identical input
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