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Data Types in SQL - Character
CHARACTER or, synonymously, CHAR, for character strings. When this type is to be the declared type of something (e.g., a column), the permissible values are further constrained by a maximum length specification given in parentheses and optionally by the key word VARYING, indicating that values shorter than the maximum, including the empty string '' , are also permissible. Examples: CHAR(5) for strings of five characters only, CHARACTER VARYING (100), which can be abbreviated to VARCHAR(100), for strings of up to one hundred characters. The last two are alternative spellings for the same declared type.
The type CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT, or CLOB, allows for inclusion of strings that are longer than the longest supported by the other CHARACTER types. Note that in the terminology of the theory book CHARACTER is a kind of type generator. The key word does not of itself denote a type, but only does so when qualified by a length specification. A similar remark applies to some of the other type names used in SQL.
Using a join on 3 tables, select 5 columns and 10 rows from the 3 tables without the use of a Cartesian product Query: SELECT E.LAST_NAME, E.FIRST_NAME, S.BUILDING, S.BRAN
Case Sensitivity Similar to all the identifiers, the variables, the names of constants, and parameters are not case sensitive. For illustration, PL/SQL considers the following n
LOOP Statements The LOOP statements execute a series of statements at multiple times. The loops enclose the series of statements that is to be repeated. The PL/SQL provides typ
Manipulating Local Collections Within PL/SQL, to manipulate the local collection, by using the TABLE and CAST operators . The operands of CAST are a collection declared locally
1.( /5 marks) Suppose that a B+-tree index with the search key (dept_name, building) is available on relation department. What would be the best way to handle the following selecti
Keyword &Parameter Description: index_name: This is an undeclared identifier which can be referenced only within the FORALL statement and only as the collection subscript
Row Operators The Row operators return or reference the particular rows. ALL retains the duplicate rows in the result of a query or in an aggregate expression. The DISTINCT el
Special cases of projection This section describes the identity projection, r {ALL BUT}, and the projection on no attributes, r { }, which yields TABLE_DUM when r is empty, ot
CHECK Constraints in SQL A CHECK constraint is a table constraint defined using the key word CHECK, as already illustrated in several examples in this chapter. In particular,
Packaging Cursors You can split a cursor specification from its body for placement in a package. In that way, you can change the cursor body without changing the cursor spec
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