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Data Types in SQL
SQL's concept does not differ significantly from that defined in the theory book, apart from that business concerning NULL. However, the theory book equates type with the term domain used in much of the relational database literature. SQL is at odds with this equation because it uses domain for a defined subset of a given type that is not itself a type. For example, the domain WEEKDAY might be defined to consist of the values 'Sunday', 'Monday', 'Tuesday', 'Wednesday', 'Thursday', 'Friday', and 'Saturday', but the declared type of a column defined on that domain is that on which the domain itself is defined, perhaps VARCHAR(9). Also, whereas a domain is defined by specifying a constraint (on some underlying type), a constraint cannot be used to specify a user-defined type.
Use Native Dynamic SQL A few programs (a normal-purpose report writer for illustration) should build and process a variety of SQL statements at run time. Therefore, their full
Parameter Modes: You do not require to specify a parameter mode for the input bind arguments (those used, for illustration, in the WHERE clause) as the mode defaults to IN. Th
Example of Using Aggregation on Nested Tables Example: How many students sat each exam WITH C_ER AS (SELECT CourseId, CAST (TABLE (SELECT DISTINCT StudentId, Mark FROM EXAM
Advantages of PL/SQL The PL/SQL is a high-performance transaction processing, completely portable language that offers the following advantages as shown: 1) Support for SQL
Data Types in SQL - Decimal DECIMAL, NUMERIC, REAL, FLOAT and various other terms for various sets of rational numbers. When these key words are specified for the declared typ
UPDATE Command- SQL Loosely speaking, UPDATE changes some of the column values of some existing rows of its target table. Thus, although some rows disappear from the target an
First Step at defining type SID in SQL CREATE TYPE SID AS ( C VARCHAR(5) ) ; Explanation: TYPE SID announces that a type named SID is being defined to the syst
Logical Operators The logical operators AND, NOT, and OR follow the tri-state logic shown in table below. The AND and OR are binary operators; NOT is a unary operator.
Use the RETURNING Clause Frequently, the application requires information about the row affected by a SQL operation, for illustration, to produce a report or take a subsequent
Fetching from a Cursor Variable The FETCH statement retrieve rows one at a time from the product set of a multi-row query. The syntax for the same is as shown: FETCH {curso
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