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Data Types in SQL
SQL's concept does not differ significantly from that defined in the theory book, apart from that business concerning NULL. However, the theory book equates type with the term domain used in much of the relational database literature. SQL is at odds with this equation because it uses domain for a defined subset of a given type that is not itself a type. For example, the domain WEEKDAY might be defined to consist of the values 'Sunday', 'Monday', 'Tuesday', 'Wednesday', 'Thursday', 'Friday', and 'Saturday', but the declared type of a column defined on that domain is that on which the domain itself is defined, perhaps VARCHAR(9). Also, whereas a domain is defined by specifying a constraint (on some underlying type), a constraint cannot be used to specify a user-defined type.
Procedures The procedure is a subprogram which performs a specific action. You write procedures using the syntax as shown below: PROCEDURE name [(parameter[, parameter, .
Transaction context As the figure shows, the major transaction shares its context with the nested transactions, but not with the autonomous transactions. Similarly, If one aut
Map and Order Methods: The values of the scalar datatype like CHAR or REAL have a predefined order that allows them to be compared. While, the instances of an object type has
Cursor FOR Loops In most cases that need an explicit cursor, you can simplify the coding by using a cursor FOR loop rather of the OPEN, FETCH, and CLOSE statements. A cursor FO
Write a pl/sql block that declares and uses cursors with parameters. In a loop, use a cursor to retrieve the department number and the department name from the departments table
Functions The function is a subprogram which can take parameters and be invoked. Normally, you can use a function to calculate a value. The function has 2 sections: the specifi
SQL Database: So, an SQL database is one whose symbols are organized into a collection of tables. Now, shows an SQL table as the current value of an SQL variable, ENROLMENT, b
Forward Declarations The PL/SQL needs that you declare an identifier before using it. And hence, you should declare a subprogram before calling it. For illustration, the decla
Keyword and Parameter Description: label_name: This is an undeclared identifier which optionally labels the PL/SQL block. When used, label_name should be enclosed by the do
Using EXISTS The EXISTS(n) returns TRUE if the nth element in a collection exist. Or else, EXISTS(n) returns FALSE. Primarily, you use EXISTS with DELETE to maintain the spars
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