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Data Types in SQL
SQL's concept does not differ significantly from that defined in the theory book, apart from that business concerning NULL. However, the theory book equates type with the term domain used in much of the relational database literature. SQL is at odds with this equation because it uses domain for a defined subset of a given type that is not itself a type. For example, the domain WEEKDAY might be defined to consist of the values 'Sunday', 'Monday', 'Tuesday', 'Wednesday', 'Thursday', 'Friday', and 'Saturday', but the declared type of a column defined on that domain is that on which the domain itself is defined, perhaps VARCHAR(9). Also, whereas a domain is defined by specifying a constraint (on some underlying type), a constraint cannot be used to specify a user-defined type.
TTITLE and BTITLE are commands in Pl-SQL to control report headings and footers. This Ttitle & Btitle are mainly used on creating SQL*PLUS report. Ttitle is used for toptitle headi
IS NULL Operator The IS NULL operator returns the Boolean value TRUE whenever its operand is null or FALSE if it is not null. The comparisons including the nulls always yield NU
Pass the nulls to a dynamic SQL: Passing Nulls: Assume that you want to pass the nulls to a dynamic SQL statement. For illustration, you may write the EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
Anatomy of a Table: Figure shows the terminology used in SQL to refer to parts of the structure of a table. As you can see, SQL has no official terms for its counterpa
Avoid the NOT NULL Constraint In the PL/SQL, using the NOT NULL constraint incur a performance cost. Consider the illustration as shown below: PROCEDURE calc_m IS m NUMB
Parameter and Keyword Description: select_item: This select_item is a value returned by the SELECT statement, and then assigned to the equivalent variable or field in the
Advantages of Subprograms The Subprograms give extensibility; that is, tailor the PL/SQL language to suit your requirements. For illustration, if you require a procedure which
Question: a) Given the following relation: Location(loc_id, bldg_code, room, capacity) The underlined field is a primary key. (i) Write a PL/SQL program using the impl
Assignments in pl/sql The Variables and constants are initialized every time a block or subprogram is entered. By default, the variables are initialized to NULL. Therefore, unle
Declaring Objects: You can use the object types wherever built-in types like CHAR or NUMBER can be used. In the block below, you can declare object r of type Rational. Then, yo
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