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Data Types and Representations
This explains the concept possible representation, abbreviated possrep, and explains how these can be used in conjunction with constraints to define types.
Example: A Type Definition
TYPE SID POSSREP SID {C CHAR
CONSTRAINT LENGTH(C) <= 5
AND
STARTS_WITH(C, 'S')
IS_DIGITS (SUBSTRING(C, 1)))
} ;
User-Defined Exceptions The PL/SQL defines the exceptions of your own. Dissimilar to the predefined exceptions, the user-defined exceptions should be declared and should be rai
Short-Circuit Evaluation When computing a logical expression, the PL/SQL uses short-circuit evaluation. That is, the PL/SQL stops computing the expression as soon as the result
Set Operators The Set operators combine the results of the two queries into one result. The INTERSECT returns all the distinct rows selected by both queries. The MINUS returns
Query: SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE1; Select 5 columns and all rows from one table Query: SELECT C_ID, COMPANY, BUILDING, DEPARTMENT, BRANCH FROM CONTRACT;
Functions The function is a subprogram which can take parameters and be invoked. Normally, you can use a function to calculate a value. The function has 2 sections: the specifi
Declaring and Initializing Objects: An object type is once defined and installed in the schema; you can use it to declare the objects in any PL/SQL, subprogram, block or packa
DECLARE : This keyword signals the beginning of the declarative section of the PL/SQL block, that contains local declarations. The Items declared locally exist only within the
Using Cursor Attributes To process the SQL data manipulation statements, the SQL engine must opens an implicit cursor named SQL. This cursor's attributes (%FOUND, %NOTFOUND, %
Count Operator in SQL Example: Counting the students who have scored more than 50 in some exam (SELECT COUNT (*) FROM (SELECT DISTINCT StudentId FROM EXAM_MARK WHE
Ending Transactions A good quality programming practice is to commit or roll back every transaction explicitly. Whether you rollback or issue the commit in your PL/SQL program
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