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Data Types and Representations
This explains the concept possible representation, abbreviated possrep, and explains how these can be used in conjunction with constraints to define types.
Example: A Type Definition
TYPE SID POSSREP SID {C CHAR
CONSTRAINT LENGTH(C) <= 5
AND
STARTS_WITH(C, 'S')
IS_DIGITS (SUBSTRING(C, 1)))
} ;
Functions The function is a subprogram that calculates a value. The Functions and procedures are structured similar, except that the functions have a RETURN clause. You can
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Example of COALESCE operator Example: Give the total of marks for each exam (simplified solution) SELECT CourseId, COALESCE ((SELECT SUM (Mark) FROM EXAM_MARK AS EM
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what is the use of declare keyword
Example of NOT EXISTS in SQL Example: Use of NOT EXISTS CREATE ASSERTION Must_be_enrolled_to_take_exam_alternative1 CHECK ( NOT EXISTS (SELECT StudentId, CourseId
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Declaring Records Whenever you define a RECORD type, you may declare records of that type, as the illustration shows: DECLARE TYPE StockItem IS RECORD ( item_no INTEG
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