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What Are Cursor Variables ?
The Cursor variables are like C or Pascal pointers that hold the memory location (address) of some item rather of the item itself. Therefore, declaring a cursor variable creates a pointer, not an item. In the PL/SQL, the pointer has a datatype REF X, where REF is short form for the REFERENCE and X stands for the class of objects. Therefore, a cursor variable has the datatype REF CURSOR.
To execute a multi-row query, the Oracle opens an unnamed work region which stores processing the information. To access the information, you can use an explicit cursor that names the work area. Or, you can use a cursor variable that points to the work region. While the cursor always refers to the similar query work region, a cursor variable can refer to various work regions. Therefore, the cursors and cursor variables are not interoperable.
Providing Results of Queries Expressing queries in SQL is the (big) subject. Here I present just a simple example to give you the flavour of things to come in those chapters.
UTL_FILE: The Package UTL_FILE permits your PL/SQL programs to read & write operating system (OS) text files. It gives a restricted version of the standard OS stream file I/O,
Natural Join - SQL In the absence of NATURAL JOIN Example has to be replaced by something rather more longwinded, as shown in Example. Example: Joining IS_CALLED and IS_EN
Using DEFAULT You can use the keyword DEFAULT rather than that of the assignment operator to initialize the variables. For e.g. the declaration blood_type CHAR := ’O’; it can b
Using EXISTS The EXISTS(n) returns TRUE if the nth element in a collection exist. Or else, EXISTS(n) returns FALSE. Primarily, you use EXISTS with DELETE to maintain the spars
GOTO Statement The GOTO statement branches to a label unconditionally. The label must be exclusive within its scope and should precede an executable statement or a PL/SQL block.
Overview of control structures According to the structure theorem, any computer program can be written by using the basic control structures as shown in figure below. They can b
The SQL ‘CREATE TABLE' scripts for all the tables you have implemented. Note that your tables must correspond exactly to the ERD you have provided in 1. above, or you will lose ma
Passing Cursor Parameters You use the OPEN statement to pass the parameters to a cursor. Unless you want to accept the default values, each proper parameter in the cursor decl
Example of EXCEPT Operator - SQL Example, like its counterpart in the theory book, illustrates the convenience of allowing any table expression to be the source for an INSERT
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