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What Are Cursor Variables ?
The Cursor variables are like C or Pascal pointers that hold the memory location (address) of some item rather of the item itself. Therefore, declaring a cursor variable creates a pointer, not an item. In the PL/SQL, the pointer has a datatype REF X, where REF is short form for the REFERENCE and X stands for the class of objects. Therefore, a cursor variable has the datatype REF CURSOR.
To execute a multi-row query, the Oracle opens an unnamed work region which stores processing the information. To access the information, you can use an explicit cursor that names the work area. Or, you can use a cursor variable that points to the work region. While the cursor always refers to the similar query work region, a cursor variable can refer to various work regions. Therefore, the cursors and cursor variables are not interoperable.
Write a pl/sql block that declares and uses cursors with parameters. In a loop, use a cursor to retrieve the department number and the department name from the departments table
Effect of Anonymous Columns Now, recall that a VALUES expression denotes a table with undefined column names. If an initial value is to be specified when a base table is creat
Subprograms The PL/SQL has two types of subprograms known as the procedures and functions that can take parameters and be invoked. As the following example represents, a subp
Initializing and Referencing Collections Until you initialize a collection, a nested table or varray is automatically null (i.e. the collection itself is null, not its elements)
Grouping and Ungrouping in SQL Example specifying EXAM_MARK in place of COURSE in the main FROM clause. Example: Obtaining C_ER2 from EXAM_MARK SELECT CourseId, CAST
Delimiters A delimiter is a simple or compound symbol which has a special meaning to PL/SQL. For example, you use delimiters to symbolize an arithmetic operation like additio
OUT Mode An OUT parameter returns values to the caller of a subprogram. Within the subprogram, an OUT parameter act like a variable. That means that you can use an OUT formal
LOB Types The large object (LOB) datatypes like BFILE, BLOB, CLOB, and NCLOB store the blocks of unstructured data (like graphic images, text, video clips, and sound waveforms)
Boolean Values Only the values TRUE, FALSE, & NULL can be assigned to a Boolean variable. For illustration, given the declaration DECLARE done BOOLEAN; the following statements
Restriction in SQL Syntax: SELECT DISTINCT StudentId FROM IS_CALLED WHERE Name = 'Boris' The WHERE clause operates on the result of the FROM clause in analogo
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