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The fabrication of discrete and integrated circuit solid state devices requires semiconductor crystals with impurity concentrations as low as possible and crystals that contain very few imperfection. A number of laboratory techniques are available for growing high purity semiconductor crystal. The refining of silicon by the Czochralski Technology is the most common method of producing monocrystalline silicon large diameter monocrystalline silicon can be grown with the Czochralski technique. This method involves growing a single crystal ingot from the melt, using solidification on a seed crystal as depicted. Czochralski silicon can be grown with resistivity in the order of 1 to 2mO-cm. Which is sufficient for making of most IC’s; including low to medium power IC’s. Molten Si is held in a quartz crucible in graphite suspected, which is heated by a radio frequency induction coil. A small dislocation free crystal, known as a seed, is lowered to touch the melt and then gradually pulled out of the melt. The seed is rotated in the pulling stage, to get a cylindrical ingot. To suppress evaporation from the melt and prevent oxidation, argon gas is passed through the system. At first, when the crystal is withdrawn, its cross –sectional area increase. It then reaches a constant value determined by the temperature gradients, heat losses and the pull. As the melt solidifies on the crystals, heat of fusion is released and must be away through the crystal. While the rate of pull finds the rate at which latent heat is released. To obtain an ingot with a large cross-sectional area, the pull speed must be slow. The Czochralski technique is also used for growing Gallium; Gallium Arsenide through each case has its own particular requirements. The main drawback of the Czochralski technique is that the final silicon crystal inevitably contains oxygen impurities dissolved from the quartz crystal crucible.
Illustrate which atomic model did Erwin Schrodinger create? Answer:- Schrödinger's wave equation was on the basis of Heisenberg uncertainty principal that the position and
Define the term Mach-Zchnder Interferrometer. Mach-Zchnder Interferrometer The Mach-Zehnder interferometer is a device utilized to find out the phase shift caused through a
Atoms If a water molecule could be magnified sufficiently it would be seen to consist of three smaller particles closely bound together. These three particles are ATOMS, two o
The distance at any time because of any value of pulse meeting concurrently at a position in a medium is the vector addition of the individual distances due every one of the ray at
Cermets are a hybrid mixture of ceramic and metal. These are made by screening a mixture of glass and metal oxide on to a ceramic substrate. It is then fired at a temperature high
Q. The kinetic energy of an electron 120 eV. Compute the de Broglie wavelength of electron. λ = h / √2mE λ = 6.626 X 10 -34 / √ 2 X 9.1 X 10 -31 X 120 X 1.6 X 10 -19
Ceramics are materials made by higher temperature firing treatment of natural clay and certain inorganic matters. Structurally ceramics are crystal bonded together. Other materials
Determine whether you can examine a microstructure of dimension 10^(-3)mm distinctly with a magnifying lens of focal length 2cm,assuming that your eye has the average visual acuity
DISPLACEMENT: The change in the position of a body from its starting position to its final position is known as displacement. It is denoted by d ?.
what is cyclotron
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