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The type of longitudinal study in which the subjects receive different treatments on the various occasions. Random allocation is required to determine the order in which the treatments are received. The simplest such design includes two groups of the subjects, one of which receives each of the two treatments, A and B, in the order AB, while the other takes them in the reverse order. This is called as a two-by-two crossover design. While the treatment comparison is 'within-subject' rather than the 'between-subject', it is likely to need fewer subjects to achieve the given power. The study of such designs is not necessarily straight- forward because of the possibility of the carryover effects, that is left over effects of the treatment received on the first occasion which remain present into the second occasion. An attempt to minimize this problem is many times made by including the wash-out period between the two treatment occasions. Some of the authorities have suggested that this type of design should only be used if such carryover effects can be ruled out a priori. Crossover designs are only applicable to the chronic conditions for which short-term relief of the symptoms is the goal rather than a cure of it.
Chance events : According to the Cicero these are events which occurred or will occur in ways which are the uncertain-events which may happen, may not happen, or may happen in some
The Expectation/Conditional Maximization Either algorithm which is the generalization of ECM algorithm attained by replacing some of the CM-steps of ECM which maximize the constrai
Length-biased sampling : The bias which arises in the sampling scheme based on the visits of patient, when some individuals are more likely to be chosen than others simply because
Intervention analysis in time series : The extension of the autoregressive integrated moving average models applied to time series permitting for the study of the magnitude and str
Link functions: The link function relates the linear predictor ηi to the expected value of the data. In classical linear models the mean and the linear predictor are identical
a. Explain the meaning of the word non-orthogonal. b. What condition(s) must exist for non-orthogonality to occur? Be specific.
Outlier is an observation which seems to deviate markedly from the other members of the sample in which it happens. In the set of systolic blood pressures, {125, 128, 130, 131, 19
Kurtosis: The extent to which the peak of the unimodal probability distribution or the frequency distribution departs from its shape of the normal distribution, by either being mo
Ordinal variable is a measurement which allows a sample of the individuals to be ranked with respect to some characteristic but where differences at different points of the scale
Conditional logistic regression : The form of logistic regression designed to work with the clustered data, such as data including matched pairs of the subjects, in which subject-s
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