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The type of longitudinal study in which the subjects receive different treatments on the various occasions. Random allocation is required to determine the order in which the treatments are received. The simplest such design includes two groups of the subjects, one of which receives each of the two treatments, A and B, in the order AB, while the other takes them in the reverse order. This is called as a two-by-two crossover design. While the treatment comparison is 'within-subject' rather than the 'between-subject', it is likely to need fewer subjects to achieve the given power. The study of such designs is not necessarily straight- forward because of the possibility of the carryover effects, that is left over effects of the treatment received on the first occasion which remain present into the second occasion. An attempt to minimize this problem is many times made by including the wash-out period between the two treatment occasions. Some of the authorities have suggested that this type of design should only be used if such carryover effects can be ruled out a priori. Crossover designs are only applicable to the chronic conditions for which short-term relief of the symptoms is the goal rather than a cure of it.
Kalman filter : A recursive procedure which gives an estimate of the signal when only the 'noisy signal' can be observed. The estimate is efficiently constructed by putting the exp
Coincidences : Astonishing concurrence of the events, perceived as meaningfully related, with no apparent causal connection. Such type of events abounds in everyday life and is oft
The Null Hypothesis - H0: There is no heteroscedasticity i.e. β 1 = 0 The Alternative Hypothesis - H1: There is heteroscedasticity i.e. β 1 0 Reject H0 if nR2 > MTB >
An approach to decrease the size of very large data sets in which the data are first 'binned' and then statistics such as the mean and variance/covariance are calculated on each bi
Multidimensional scaling (MDS) is a generic term for a class of techniques or methods which attempt to construct a low-dimensional geometrical representation of the proximity matr
You may have the opportunity to buy some electronic components. These components may be reliable (1) or unreliable (2). The potential pro?ts are £10,000 if the components are rel
Ordinal variable is a measurement which allows a sample of the individuals to be ranked with respect to some characteristic but where differences at different points of the scale
Artificial neural network : A mathematical arrangement modelled on the human neural network and designed to attack various statistical problems, particularly in the region of patte
Length-biased data is a data which arise when the probability that an item is sampled is proportional to its own length. A main example of this situation occurs in the renewal the
re-reference all these indexes
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