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The type of longitudinal study in which the subjects receive different treatments on the various occasions. Random allocation is required to determine the order in which the treatments are received. The simplest such design includes two groups of the subjects, one of which receives each of the two treatments, A and B, in the order AB, while the other takes them in the reverse order. This is called as a two-by-two crossover design. While the treatment comparison is 'within-subject' rather than the 'between-subject', it is likely to need fewer subjects to achieve the given power. The study of such designs is not necessarily straight- forward because of the possibility of the carryover effects, that is left over effects of the treatment received on the first occasion which remain present into the second occasion. An attempt to minimize this problem is many times made by including the wash-out period between the two treatment occasions. Some of the authorities have suggested that this type of design should only be used if such carryover effects can be ruled out a priori. Crossover designs are only applicable to the chronic conditions for which short-term relief of the symptoms is the goal rather than a cure of it.
Markers of disease progression : Quantities which form a general monotonic series throughout the course of the disease and assist with its modelling. In uasual such quantities are
The method of summarizing the large amounts of data by forming the frequency distributions, scatter diagrams, histograms, etc., and calculating statistics like means variances and
Bartlett's test for variances : A test for equality of the variances of the number (k)of the populations. The test statistic can be given as follows where s square is an
Back-projection: A term most often applied to the procedure for reconstructing plausible HIV incidence curves from the AIDS incidence data. The method or technique assumes that th
Marginal matching is the matching of the treatment groups in terms of means or other summary characteristics of matching variables. This has been shown to be almost as efficient a
Model is the description of the supposed structure of a set of observations which can range from a fairly imprecise verbal account to, more commonly, a formalized mathematical exp
Behrens Fisher problem : The difficulty of testing for the equality of the means of the two normal distributions which do not have the equal variance. Various test statistics have
This is an approach to the modelling of time-frequency surfaces which consists of a Bayesian regularization scheme in which the prior distributions over the time-frequency coeffici
A two-step distillation and mixing process is shown in the figure. The system operates at steady-state conditions and there are no chemical reactions. The known flow rates and comp
The method or technique for producing the sequence of parameter estimates that, under the mild regularity conditions, converges to maximum likelihood estimator. Of particular signi
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