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The type of longitudinal study in which the subjects receive different treatments on the various occasions. Random allocation is required to determine the order in which the treatments are received. The simplest such design includes two groups of the subjects, one of which receives each of the two treatments, A and B, in the order AB, while the other takes them in the reverse order. This is called as a two-by-two crossover design. While the treatment comparison is 'within-subject' rather than the 'between-subject', it is likely to need fewer subjects to achieve the given power. The study of such designs is not necessarily straight- forward because of the possibility of the carryover effects, that is left over effects of the treatment received on the first occasion which remain present into the second occasion. An attempt to minimize this problem is many times made by including the wash-out period between the two treatment occasions. Some of the authorities have suggested that this type of design should only be used if such carryover effects can be ruled out a priori. Crossover designs are only applicable to the chronic conditions for which short-term relief of the symptoms is the goal rather than a cure of it.
Hazard regression is the procedure for modeling the hazard function which does not depend on the suppositions made in Cox's proportional hazards model, namely that the log-hazard
Ordered alternative hypothesis is a hypothesis or assumption which speci?es an order for the set of parameters of interest as an alternative to the equality, rather than simply th
Relative risk is the measure of the association between the exposure to a particular factor and the risk or probability of a convinced outcome, calculated as follows therefor
A radically different approach of dealing with the uncertainty than the traditional probabilistic and the statistical methods. The necessary feature of the fuzzy set is a membershi
Matching is the method of making a study group and a comparison group comparable with respect to the extraneous factors. Generally used in the retrospective studies when selecting
Missing Data - Reasons for screening data In case of any missing data, the researcher needs to conduct tests to ascertain that the pattern of these missing cases is random.
Designs in which the information on main effects and low-order inter- actions are attained by running only the fraction of the complete factorial experiment and supposing that part
Randomization tests are the procedures for determining the statistical significance directly from the data with- out recourse to some particular sampling distribution. For instanc
The model which is applicable to the longitudinal data in which the dropout process might give rise to the informative lost values. Specifically if the study protocol specifies the
distinguish the historigram and histogram
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