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The type of longitudinal study in which the subjects receive different treatments on the various occasions. Random allocation is required to determine the order in which the treatments are received. The simplest such design includes two groups of the subjects, one of which receives each of the two treatments, A and B, in the order AB, while the other takes them in the reverse order. This is called as a two-by-two crossover design. While the treatment comparison is 'within-subject' rather than the 'between-subject', it is likely to need fewer subjects to achieve the given power. The study of such designs is not necessarily straight- forward because of the possibility of the carryover effects, that is left over effects of the treatment received on the first occasion which remain present into the second occasion. An attempt to minimize this problem is many times made by including the wash-out period between the two treatment occasions. Some of the authorities have suggested that this type of design should only be used if such carryover effects can be ruled out a priori. Crossover designs are only applicable to the chronic conditions for which short-term relief of the symptoms is the goal rather than a cure of it.
Indirect standardization is the procedure of adjusting the crude mortality or morbidity rate for one or more variables by making use of a known reference population. It may, for in
Recurrence risk : Usually the probability that an individual experiences an event of interest given previous experience(s) of the event; for example, the probability of recurrence
Growth curve analysis is t he general term for methods dealing with development of the individuals over time. A classic instance includes recordings made on a group of children, sa
Intention-to-treat analysis is the process in which all the patients randomly allocated to a treatment in the clinical trial are analyzed together as representing that particular
Relative poverty statistics is the statistics on the properties of populations falling below given fractions of average income which play a central role in debate of poverty. The
The Null Hypothesis - H0: There is no heteroscedasticity i.e. β 1 = 0 The Alternative Hypothesis - H1: There is heteroscedasticity i.e. β 1 0 Reject H0 if Q = ESS/2 >
a sequence of numbers consist of six 6''s seven 7''s eight 8''s nine 9''s ten 10''s what is the arithmetic mean?
Change point problems : Problems with chronologically ordered data collected over the period during which there is known to have been a change in the underlying data generation cou
Negative binomial distribution is the probability distribution of number of failures, X, before the kth success in the sequence of Bernoulli trials where the probability of succes
Chernoff's faces : A method or technique for representing the multivariate data graphically. Each observation is represented by the computer-created face, the features of which are
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