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The type of longitudinal study in which the subjects receive different treatments on the various occasions. Random allocation is required to determine the order in which the treatments are received. The simplest such design includes two groups of the subjects, one of which receives each of the two treatments, A and B, in the order AB, while the other takes them in the reverse order. This is called as a two-by-two crossover design. While the treatment comparison is 'within-subject' rather than the 'between-subject', it is likely to need fewer subjects to achieve the given power. The study of such designs is not necessarily straight- forward because of the possibility of the carryover effects, that is left over effects of the treatment received on the first occasion which remain present into the second occasion. An attempt to minimize this problem is many times made by including the wash-out period between the two treatment occasions. Some of the authorities have suggested that this type of design should only be used if such carryover effects can be ruled out a priori. Crossover designs are only applicable to the chronic conditions for which short-term relief of the symptoms is the goal rather than a cure of it.
Regression dilution is the term which is applied when a covariate in the model cannot be measured directly and instead of that a related observed value must be used in analysis. I
Prevalence : The measure of the number of people in a population who have a certain disease at a given point in time. It c an be measured by two methods, as point prevalence and p
Mann Whitney test is a distribution free test which is used as an alternative to the Student's t-test for assessing that whether the two populations have the same median. The test
Information theory: This is the branch of applied probability theory applicable to various communication and signal processing problems in the field of engineering and biology. In
Clinical vs. statistical significance : The distinction among results in terms of their possible clinical importance rather than simply in terms of their statistical importance. Wi
The Null Hypothesis - H0: There is autocorrelation The Alternative Hypothesis - H1: There is no autocorrelation Rejection Criteria: Reject H0 (n-s)R 2 > = (1515 - 4) x (0.
Mean squarederror is the expected value of square of the difference between an estimator and the true value of the parameter. If the estimator is unbiased then the mean of the squ
Independent component analysis (ICA) is the technique for analyzing the complex measured quantities thought to be mixtures of other more fundamental quantities, into their fundamen
The procedures for extracting the pattern in a series of observations when this is obscured by the noise. Basically any such technique or method separates the original series into
Auto correlation : The correlation of the internal observations in the time series, generally expressed as a function of the time lag between the observations. It is also used for
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