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The type of longitudinal study in which the subjects receive different treatments on the various occasions. Random allocation is required to determine the order in which the treatments are received. The simplest such design includes two groups of the subjects, one of which receives each of the two treatments, A and B, in the order AB, while the other takes them in the reverse order. This is called as a two-by-two crossover design. While the treatment comparison is 'within-subject' rather than the 'between-subject', it is likely to need fewer subjects to achieve the given power. The study of such designs is not necessarily straight- forward because of the possibility of the carryover effects, that is left over effects of the treatment received on the first occasion which remain present into the second occasion. An attempt to minimize this problem is many times made by including the wash-out period between the two treatment occasions. Some of the authorities have suggested that this type of design should only be used if such carryover effects can be ruled out a priori. Crossover designs are only applicable to the chronic conditions for which short-term relief of the symptoms is the goal rather than a cure of it.
Occam's razor is an early statement of the parsimony principle, which was given by William of Occam (1280-1349) namely 'entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem'; which m
The contingency tables in which the row and column both the categories follow a natural order. An instance for this might be, drug toxicity ranging from mild to severe, against the
Path analysis is a device for evaluating the interrelationships among the variables by analyzing their correlational structure. The relationships between the variables are man
Odds ratio is the ratio of the odds for the binary variable in two groups of the subjects, such as, males and females. If the two possible states of variable are labeled as 'succe
Recurrence risk : Usually the probability that an individual experiences an event of interest given previous experience(s) of the event; for example, the probability of recurrence
Mean squarederror is the expected value of square of the difference between an estimator and the true value of the parameter. If the estimator is unbiased then the mean of the squ
Quantalassay: The experiment in which the groups of subjects are exposed to the different doses of, generally, a drug, to which the particular number respond. Data from such type
MAREG is the software package for the analysis of the marginal regression models. The package permits the application of generalized estimating equations and the maximum likelihoo
Grade of membership model: This is the general distribution free method for the clustering of the multivariate data in which only categorical variables are included. The model ass
In a mathematics examination the average grade was 82 and the standard deviation was 5. all students with grade from 88 to 94 received grade of B. if the grade are approximately no
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