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The type of longitudinal study in which the subjects receive different treatments on the various occasions. Random allocation is required to determine the order in which the treatments are received. The simplest such design includes two groups of the subjects, one of which receives each of the two treatments, A and B, in the order AB, while the other takes them in the reverse order. This is called as a two-by-two crossover design. While the treatment comparison is 'within-subject' rather than the 'between-subject', it is likely to need fewer subjects to achieve the given power. The study of such designs is not necessarily straight- forward because of the possibility of the carryover effects, that is left over effects of the treatment received on the first occasion which remain present into the second occasion. An attempt to minimize this problem is many times made by including the wash-out period between the two treatment occasions. Some of the authorities have suggested that this type of design should only be used if such carryover effects can be ruled out a priori. Crossover designs are only applicable to the chronic conditions for which short-term relief of the symptoms is the goal rather than a cure of it.
An approach to investigations designed to recognize a particular medical condition in the large population, usually by means of a blood test, which might result in the considerable
Case-control study : The traditional case-control study is the common research design in the epidemiology where the exposures to risk factors for cases (individuals getting the dis
Intention-to-treat analysis is the process in which all the patients randomly allocated to a treatment in the clinical trial are analyzed together as representing that particular
The transformation of the Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient, r, can be given by The statistic z has the normal distribution with mean here ρ is the pop
Cochrane collaboration : An international network of the individuals committed to preparing , maintaining and disseminating the systematic reviews of the effects of the health care
Latin square is an experimental design targeted at removing from the experimental error the variation from two extraneous sources so that a more sensitive test of the treatment ef
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Household interview surveys : The surveys in which the primary sampling units are typically geographic regions such as nations or cities. For each such unit sampled, there are addi
Method of moments is the procedure for estimating the parameters in a model by equating sample moments to the population values. A famous early instance of the use of the proced
Reasons for screening data Garbage in-garbage out Missing data a. Amount of missing data is less crucial than the pattern of it. If randomly
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