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The type of longitudinal study in which the subjects receive different treatments on the various occasions. Random allocation is required to determine the order in which the treatments are received. The simplest such design includes two groups of the subjects, one of which receives each of the two treatments, A and B, in the order AB, while the other takes them in the reverse order. This is called as a two-by-two crossover design. While the treatment comparison is 'within-subject' rather than the 'between-subject', it is likely to need fewer subjects to achieve the given power. The study of such designs is not necessarily straight- forward because of the possibility of the carryover effects, that is left over effects of the treatment received on the first occasion which remain present into the second occasion. An attempt to minimize this problem is many times made by including the wash-out period between the two treatment occasions. Some of the authorities have suggested that this type of design should only be used if such carryover effects can be ruled out a priori. Crossover designs are only applicable to the chronic conditions for which short-term relief of the symptoms is the goal rather than a cure of it.
Historical controls : The group of patients treated in the past with the standard therapy, taken in use as the control group for evaluating the new treatment on the present patient
The method or technique for displaying the relationships between categorical variables in a type of the scatter plot diagram. For two this type of variables displayed in the form o
ACC – A pioneer in the Indian cement industry Associated Cement Companies Ltd. (ACC) came into existence in 1936, after the merger of 10 companies belonging to four important bus
Common cause failures (CCF): Simultaneous failures of the number of components due to a same reason. A reason can be external to the components, or it can be the single failure wh
Hot deck is a method broadly used in surveys for imputing the missing values. In its easiest form the method includes sampling with replacement m values from the sample respondent
Helmert contrast is the contrast often used in analysis of the variance, in which each level of a factor is tested against average of the remaining levels. So, for instance, if th
Identification keys: The devices for identifying the samples from a set of known taxa, which contains a tree- structure where each node corresponds to the diagnostic question of t
Prospective study : The studies in which individuals are followed-up over the period of time. A general example of this type of investigation is where the samples of individuals ar
Point scoring is an easy distribution free method which can be used for the prediction of a response which is a binary variable from the observations on several explanatory variab
The risk of being able to recognize the respondent's confidential information in the data set. Number of approaches has been proposed to measure the disclosure risk some of which c
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