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The type of longitudinal study in which the subjects receive different treatments on the various occasions. Random allocation is required to determine the order in which the treatments are received. The simplest such design includes two groups of the subjects, one of which receives each of the two treatments, A and B, in the order AB, while the other takes them in the reverse order. This is called as a two-by-two crossover design. While the treatment comparison is 'within-subject' rather than the 'between-subject', it is likely to need fewer subjects to achieve the given power. The study of such designs is not necessarily straight- forward because of the possibility of the carryover effects, that is left over effects of the treatment received on the first occasion which remain present into the second occasion. An attempt to minimize this problem is many times made by including the wash-out period between the two treatment occasions. Some of the authorities have suggested that this type of design should only be used if such carryover effects can be ruled out a priori. Crossover designs are only applicable to the chronic conditions for which short-term relief of the symptoms is the goal rather than a cure of it.
Designs which permits two or more questions to be addressed in the investigation. The easiest factorial design is one in which each of the two treatments or interventions are p
Complier average causal effect (CACE): The treatment effect amid true compliers in the clinical trial. For the suitable response variable, the CACE is given by the difference in o
Hazard function : The risk which an individual experiences an event in a small time interval, given that the individual has survived up to the starting of the interval. It is th
regression line drawn as Y=C+1075x, when x was 2, and y was 239, given that y intercept was 11. calculate the residual
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Generalized principal components analysis: The non-linear version of the principal components analysis in which the goal is to determine the non-linear coordinate system which is
The graph for Partial Autocorrelation Function for RES1 shows that there is no autocorrelation even though there are alternating spikes because they fall inside the 5% significance
Protopathic bias is the type of bias (also called as reverse-causality) that is a consequence of differential misclassification of the exposure related to timing of occurrence. It
The term which is used in the industrial experimentation, where there is commonly a large set of candidate factors believed to have the possible significant influence on the respon
A subject who withdraws from the study for whatever reason, adverse side effects, noncompliance, moving away from the district, etc. In number of cases the reason may not be known.
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