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The type of longitudinal study in which the subjects receive different treatments on the various occasions. Random allocation is required to determine the order in which the treatments are received. The simplest such design includes two groups of the subjects, one of which receives each of the two treatments, A and B, in the order AB, while the other takes them in the reverse order. This is called as a two-by-two crossover design. While the treatment comparison is 'within-subject' rather than the 'between-subject', it is likely to need fewer subjects to achieve the given power. The study of such designs is not necessarily straight- forward because of the possibility of the carryover effects, that is left over effects of the treatment received on the first occasion which remain present into the second occasion. An attempt to minimize this problem is many times made by including the wash-out period between the two treatment occasions. Some of the authorities have suggested that this type of design should only be used if such carryover effects can be ruled out a priori. Crossover designs are only applicable to the chronic conditions for which short-term relief of the symptoms is the goal rather than a cure of it.
Healthy worker effect : The occurrence whereby employed individuals tend to have lower mortality rates than those who are unemployed. The effect, which can pose the serious problem
Odds ratio is the ratio of the odds for the binary variable in two groups of the subjects, such as, males and females. If the two possible states of variable are labeled as 'succe
Probability distribution : For the discrete random variable, a mathematical formula which provides the probability of each value of variable. See, for instance, binomial distributi
Relative poverty statistics is the statistics on the properties of populations falling below given fractions of average income which play a central role in debate of poverty. The
A directed graph is simple if each ordered pair of vertices is the head and tail of at most one edge; one loop may be present at each vertex. For each n ≥ 1, prove or disprove the
Regression to the mean is the procedure first noted by Sir Francis Galton that 'each peculiarity in man is shared by his kinsmen, but on average to the less degree.' Hence the ten
Independent component analysis (ICA) is the technique for analyzing the complex measured quantities thought to be mixtures of other more fundamental quantities, into their fundamen
Committees to monitor the accumulating data from the clinical trials. Such committees have chief responsibilities for ensuring the continuing safety of the trial participants, rele
Thomas Economic Forecasting, Inc. and Harmon Econometrics have the same mean error in forecasting the stock market over the last ten years. However, the standard deviation for Thom
Negative binomial distribution is the probability distribution of number of failures, X, before the kth success in the sequence of Bernoulli trials where the probability of succes
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