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The type of longitudinal study in which the subjects receive different treatments on the various occasions. Random allocation is required to determine the order in which the treatments are received. The simplest such design includes two groups of the subjects, one of which receives each of the two treatments, A and B, in the order AB, while the other takes them in the reverse order. This is called as a two-by-two crossover design. While the treatment comparison is 'within-subject' rather than the 'between-subject', it is likely to need fewer subjects to achieve the given power. The study of such designs is not necessarily straight- forward because of the possibility of the carryover effects, that is left over effects of the treatment received on the first occasion which remain present into the second occasion. An attempt to minimize this problem is many times made by including the wash-out period between the two treatment occasions. Some of the authorities have suggested that this type of design should only be used if such carryover effects can be ruled out a priori. Crossover designs are only applicable to the chronic conditions for which short-term relief of the symptoms is the goal rather than a cure of it.
Geographical information system (gis): The software and hardware configurations through which the digital georeferences are processed and displayed. Used to recognize the geograph
Comparative exposure rate : A measure of alliance for use in a matched case-control study, de?ned as the ratio of the number of case-control pairs, where the case has greater expos
Kalman filter : A recursive procedure which gives an estimate of the signal when only the 'noisy signal' can be observed. The estimate is efficiently constructed by putting the exp
Occam's razor is an early statement of the parsimony principle, which was given by William of Occam (1280-1349) namely 'entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem'; which m
The generalization of the normal distribution used for the characterization of functions. It is known as a Gaussian process because it has Gaussian distributed finite dimensional m
Hurdle Model: The model for count data which postulates two processes, one generating the zeros in the data and one generating positive values. The binomial model decides the bina
Introduction to Generalized Linear Models (GLM) We introduce the notion of GLM as an extension of the traditional normal-theory-based linear regression models. This will be very
The scatter plot of SRES1 versus totexp demonstrates that there is non-linear relationship that exists as most of the points are below and above zero. The scatter plot show that th
Product-limit estimator is a method for estimating the survival functions for the set of survival times, some of which might be censored observations. The logic behind the procedu
Common cause failures (CCF): Simultaneous failures of the number of components due to a same reason. A reason can be external to the components, or it can be the single failure wh
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