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The type of longitudinal study in which the subjects receive different treatments on the various occasions. Random allocation is required to determine the order in which the treatments are received. The simplest such design includes two groups of the subjects, one of which receives each of the two treatments, A and B, in the order AB, while the other takes them in the reverse order. This is called as a two-by-two crossover design. While the treatment comparison is 'within-subject' rather than the 'between-subject', it is likely to need fewer subjects to achieve the given power. The study of such designs is not necessarily straight- forward because of the possibility of the carryover effects, that is left over effects of the treatment received on the first occasion which remain present into the second occasion. An attempt to minimize this problem is many times made by including the wash-out period between the two treatment occasions. Some of the authorities have suggested that this type of design should only be used if such carryover effects can be ruled out a priori. Crossover designs are only applicable to the chronic conditions for which short-term relief of the symptoms is the goal rather than a cure of it.
The procedures used for determining how the quality of life is affected by the environment, in particular by factors such as air and solid wastes, water pollution, hazardous substa
The Null Hypothesis - H0: There is no heteroscedasticity i.e. β 1 = 0 The Alternative Hypothesis - H1: There is heteroscedasticity i.e. β 1 0 Reject H0 if Q = ESS/2 >
Cluster sampling : A method or technique of sampling in which the members of the population are arranged in groups (called as 'clusters'). A number of clusters are selected at the
Length-biased sampling : The bias which arises in the sampling scheme based on the visits of patient, when some individuals are more likely to be chosen than others simply because
Protopathic bias is the type of bias (also called as reverse-causality) that is a consequence of differential misclassification of the exposure related to timing of occurrence. It
Matching is the method of making a study group and a comparison group comparable with respect to the extraneous factors. Generally used in the retrospective studies when selecting
Cellular proliferation models : Models are used to describe the growth of the cell populations. One of the example is the deterministic model where N(t) is the number of cel
A mixture of benzene, toluene, and xylene enters a two-stage distillation process where some of the componentsare recovered. The distillation process operates at steady-state condi
Machine learning is a term which literally means the ability of a machine to recognize patterns which have occurred repetitively and to improve its performance based on the past
The method or technique for displaying the relationships between categorical variables in a type of the scatter plot diagram. For two this type of variables displayed in the form o
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