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The type of longitudinal study in which the subjects receive different treatments on the various occasions. Random allocation is required to determine the order in which the treatments are received. The simplest such design includes two groups of the subjects, one of which receives each of the two treatments, A and B, in the order AB, while the other takes them in the reverse order. This is called as a two-by-two crossover design. While the treatment comparison is 'within-subject' rather than the 'between-subject', it is likely to need fewer subjects to achieve the given power. The study of such designs is not necessarily straight- forward because of the possibility of the carryover effects, that is left over effects of the treatment received on the first occasion which remain present into the second occasion. An attempt to minimize this problem is many times made by including the wash-out period between the two treatment occasions. Some of the authorities have suggested that this type of design should only be used if such carryover effects can be ruled out a priori. Crossover designs are only applicable to the chronic conditions for which short-term relief of the symptoms is the goal rather than a cure of it.
Protopathic bias is the type of bias (also called as reverse-causality) that is a consequence of differential misclassification of the exposure related to timing of occurrence. It
Latent class analysis is a technique of assessing whether the set of observations including q categorical variables, in specific, binary variables, consists of the number of diffe
explain the graphical method of measure of central tendency
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Item-total correlation is an extensively used method for checking the homogeneity of the scale made up of number of items. It is simply the Pearson's product moment correlation c
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A test for equality of the variances of the two populations having normal distributions, based on the ratio of the variances of the sample of observations taken from each. Most fre
Categorizing continuous variables : A practice which involves the conversion of the continuous variables into the series of the categories, which is common in the field of medical
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