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The type of longitudinal study in which the subjects receive different treatments on the various occasions. Random allocation is required to determine the order in which the treatments are received. The simplest such design includes two groups of the subjects, one of which receives each of the two treatments, A and B, in the order AB, while the other takes them in the reverse order. This is called as a two-by-two crossover design. While the treatment comparison is 'within-subject' rather than the 'between-subject', it is likely to need fewer subjects to achieve the given power. The study of such designs is not necessarily straight- forward because of the possibility of the carryover effects, that is left over effects of the treatment received on the first occasion which remain present into the second occasion. An attempt to minimize this problem is many times made by including the wash-out period between the two treatment occasions. Some of the authorities have suggested that this type of design should only be used if such carryover effects can be ruled out a priori. Crossover designs are only applicable to the chronic conditions for which short-term relief of the symptoms is the goal rather than a cure of it.
Atomistic fallacy : A fallacy which arises because of the association between two variables at the individual level might vary from the association between the same two variables m
Prevalence : The measure of the number of people in a population who have a certain disease at a given point in time. It c an be measured by two methods, as point prevalence and p
Protocol is the formal document outlining the proposed process for carrying out the clinical trial. The basic features of the document are to study the objectives, patient selecti
A radically different approach of dealing with the uncertainty than the traditional probabilistic and the statistical methods. The necessary feature of the fuzzy set is a membershi
Option-3 scheme is a scheme of measurement used in the situations investigating possible changes over the time in longitudinal data. The scheme is planned to prevent measurement o
Assume that a population is normally distributed with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. Would it be unusual for the mean of a sample of 20 to be 115 or more?
Kalman filter : A recursive procedure which gives an estimate of the signal when only the 'noisy signal' can be observed. The estimate is efficiently constructed by putting the exp
Categorical variable : A variable which provides the appropriate label of observation after the allocation to one of the several possible categories, for instance, the respiratory
Gllamm is a program which estimates the generalized linear latent and mixed models by the maximum likelihood. The models which can be fitted include structural equation models mul
This is an alternative to the Newton-Raphson technique for optimization (finding out the minimum or the maximum) of some function, which includes replacing the matrix of second der
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