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The type of longitudinal study in which the subjects receive different treatments on the various occasions. Random allocation is required to determine the order in which the treatments are received. The simplest such design includes two groups of the subjects, one of which receives each of the two treatments, A and B, in the order AB, while the other takes them in the reverse order. This is called as a two-by-two crossover design. While the treatment comparison is 'within-subject' rather than the 'between-subject', it is likely to need fewer subjects to achieve the given power. The study of such designs is not necessarily straight- forward because of the possibility of the carryover effects, that is left over effects of the treatment received on the first occasion which remain present into the second occasion. An attempt to minimize this problem is many times made by including the wash-out period between the two treatment occasions. Some of the authorities have suggested that this type of design should only be used if such carryover effects can be ruled out a priori. Crossover designs are only applicable to the chronic conditions for which short-term relief of the symptoms is the goal rather than a cure of it.
Clinical vs. statistical significance : The distinction among results in terms of their possible clinical importance rather than simply in terms of their statistical importance. Wi
Contour plot : A topographical map drawn from data comprising observations on the three variables. One variable is represented on horizontal axis and the second variable is represe
How has quantitative analysis changed the current scenario in the management world today?
Lorenz curve : Essentially the graphical representation of cumulative distribution of the variable, most often used for the income. If the risks of disease are not monotonically in
The procedures used for determining how the quality of life is affected by the environment, in particular by factors such as air and solid wastes, water pollution, hazardous substa
Multiple comparison tests : Procedures for detailed examination of the differences between a set of means, generally after a general hypothesis that they are all equal has been rej
The term used when the aggregated data (for instance, aggregated over different areas) are analysed and the results supposed to apply to the relationships at the individual level.
The contingency tables in which the row and column both the categories follow a natural order. An instance for this might be, drug toxicity ranging from mild to severe, against the
Institutional surveys are the surveys in which the primary sampling units are the institutions, for instance, hospitals. Within each of the sampled institution, a sample of the pa
Build-Rite construction has received favorable publicity from guest appearances on a public TV home improvement program. Public TV programming decisions seem to be unpredictable, s
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