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The type of longitudinal study in which the subjects receive different treatments on the various occasions. Random allocation is required to determine the order in which the treatments are received. The simplest such design includes two groups of the subjects, one of which receives each of the two treatments, A and B, in the order AB, while the other takes them in the reverse order. This is called as a two-by-two crossover design. While the treatment comparison is 'within-subject' rather than the 'between-subject', it is likely to need fewer subjects to achieve the given power. The study of such designs is not necessarily straight- forward because of the possibility of the carryover effects, that is left over effects of the treatment received on the first occasion which remain present into the second occasion. An attempt to minimize this problem is many times made by including the wash-out period between the two treatment occasions. Some of the authorities have suggested that this type of design should only be used if such carryover effects can be ruled out a priori. Crossover designs are only applicable to the chronic conditions for which short-term relief of the symptoms is the goal rather than a cure of it.
Hypergeometric distribution is t he probability distribution related with the sampling without replacement from the population of finite size. If the population comprises of r ele
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Martingale: In the gambling context the term at first referred to a system for recouping losses by doubling the stake after each loss has occured. The modern mathematical concept
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Human capital model : The model for evaluating the economic implication of the disease in terms of the economic loss of a person succumbing to morbidity or the mortality at some pa
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