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The type of longitudinal study in which the subjects receive different treatments on the various occasions. Random allocation is required to determine the order in which the treatments are received. The simplest such design includes two groups of the subjects, one of which receives each of the two treatments, A and B, in the order AB, while the other takes them in the reverse order. This is called as a two-by-two crossover design. While the treatment comparison is 'within-subject' rather than the 'between-subject', it is likely to need fewer subjects to achieve the given power. The study of such designs is not necessarily straight- forward because of the possibility of the carryover effects, that is left over effects of the treatment received on the first occasion which remain present into the second occasion. An attempt to minimize this problem is many times made by including the wash-out period between the two treatment occasions. Some of the authorities have suggested that this type of design should only be used if such carryover effects can be ruled out a priori. Crossover designs are only applicable to the chronic conditions for which short-term relief of the symptoms is the goal rather than a cure of it.
Wilcoxon's ranksum test is the distribution free method or technique used as an alternative to the Student's t-test for assessing whether two populations have the same location. G
Kappa coefficient : The chance corrected index of the agreement between, for instance, judgements and diagnoses made by the two raters. Calculated as the ratio of the noticed exces
Recurrence risk : Usually the probability that an individual experiences an event of interest given previous experience(s) of the event; for example, the probability of recurrence
Computer-assisted interviews : A method or technique of interviewing subjects in which the interviewer reads the question from the computer screen instead of the printed page, and
Quota sample is the sample in which the units are not selected at the random, but in terms of a particular number of units in each of a number of categories; for instance, 10 men
A mixture of benzene, toluene, and xylene enters a two-stage distillation process where some of the componentsare recovered. The distillation process operates at steady-state condi
Paired samples are the two samples of the observations with the characteristic feature with each of the observation in one sample have only one matching observation in the other s
Software which started out as the spreadsheet targeting at manipulating the tables of number for financial analysis, which has now developed into a more flexible package for workin
Contour plot : A topographical map drawn from data comprising observations on the three variables. One variable is represented on horizontal axis and the second variable is represe
L'Abbe ´ plot is often used in the meta-analysis of the clinical trials where the result is the binary response of it. The event risk (number of events/number of the patients in a
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