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Suppose G = (N, Σ, P, S) is a reduced grammar (we can certainly reduce G if we haven't already). Our algorithm is as follows:
1. Define maxrhs(G) to be the maximum length of the right hand side of any production.
2. While maxrhs 3 we convert G to an equivalent reduced grammar G' with smaller maxrhs.
3. a) Choose a production A → α where is of maximal length in G.
b) Rewrite α as α1α2 where |α1| = |α1|/2 (largest integer ≤ |α1|/2) and |α2| = |α2|/2 (smallest integer ≥ |α2|/2)
c) Replace A -> α in P by A -> α1B and B -> α2
If we repeat step 3 for all productions of maximal length we create a grammar G' all of whose productions are of smaller length than maxrhs.
We can then apply the algorithm to G' and continue until we reach a grammar that has maxrhs ≤ 2.
Another striking aspect of LTk transition graphs is that they are generally extremely ine?cient. All we really care about is whether a path through the graph leads to an accepting
Theorem The class of ?nite languages is a proper subclass of SL. Note that the class of ?nite languages is closed under union and concatenation but SL is not closed under either. N
De?nition (Instantaneous Description) (for both DFAs and NFAs) An instantaneous description of A = (Q,Σ, δ, q 0 , F) , either a DFA or an NFA, is a pair h q ,w i ∈ Q×Σ*, where
Let there L1 and L2 . We show that L1 ∩ L2 is CFG . Let M1 be a decider for L1 and M2 be a decider for L2 . Consider a 2-tape TM M: "On input x: 1. copy x on the second
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(c) Can you say that B is decidable? (d) If you somehow know that A is decidable, what can you say about B?
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Different types of applications and numerous programming languages have been developed to make easy the task of writing programs. The assortment of programming languages shows, dif
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