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The cell cycle is controlled by a cyclically operating set of reaction sequences that both trigger and coordinate key events in the cell cycle
• The cell-cycle control system is driven by a built-in clock that can be adjusted by external stimuli (chemical message).
• Checkpoint - a critical control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cell cycle o Animal cells have built-in stop signals that halt the cell cycles and checkpoints until overridden by go-ahead signals. o Three Major checkpoints are found in the G1, G2, and M phases of the cell cycle.
• The G1 checkpoint - the Restriction Point o The G1 checkpoint ensures that the cell is large enough to divide, and that enough nutrients are available to support the resulting daughter cells. o If a cell receives a go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint, it will usually continue with the cell cycle o If the cell does not receive the go-ahead signal, it will exit the cell cycle and switch to a non-dividing state called G0 o Actually, most cells in the human body are in the G0 phase.
• The G2 checkpoint ensures that DNA replication in S phase has been completed successfully. • The metaphase checkpoint ensures that all of the chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle by a kinetochore.
What is the genetic condition in which the heterozygous individual has different phenotype from the homozygous individual? This condition is called lack of dominance and it can
Explain Nephrotic syndrome Nephrotic syndrome :- Kidney disease due to degeneration of renal tubule.
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Notes on branches of embryology
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